Compare education system differences between US and China Essay

Compare education system differences between US and China - Essay Example For most, practical knowledge is more important than textbook knowledge.† (Chen, 2001). However, the Chinese system is totally focused on examination and higher scores. Their ultimate goal of education was concerned with the success of the student in his/her achievement, which would let them earn money and fame in future. In the American education system, the school structure holds a grade system where kindergarten through fifth grade is classified as elementary school, sixth through eighth as junior high school and ninth to twelfth as high school. However, in China, the grade division is split a little differently, with the kindergarten to sixth classified as elementary school, and seventh to twelfth as middle school. In addition to these structural differences, the US schools use a holistic system of education where the students’ school grades, test scores, extracurricular activities, code of conduct, application essays as well as a personal interview are taken into account. On the contrary, the education system in China solely focuses on the academic results and hard work exercises. Unlike in US, the entire school system of China is very rigid with guidelines and predetermined classes, while the American system exercises more freedom on the part of the students. For instance, in US, a stude nt has the freedom to choose his or her classes which is totally unheard of in China, as every class and syllabus, all through the high school to college is set in advance, for the reason of avoiding the complications accompanied with the personalized education system. The concept of education has a greater influence on the students’ reflection towards the society in the future. The major dissimilarity between the American and Chinese education lies in their teaching systems. This system has a profound impact on the students’ attitude of learning and pursuing

Grading System Essay Example for Free

Grading System Essay This system is a complex topic that involves philosophical, pedagogical, and pragmatic issues for all students. We all have our own ideas of how grades should be assigned, and what they should tell us about the students performance. This grading system rests on the assumption that the level of student performance will not vary much from class to class. In this system the instructor usually determines the percentage of students assigned each grade, although it may be determined (or at least influenced) by departmental policy. All information supplied to the National Statistics Office is treated as strictly confidential. This information is used solely in the compilation of statistical reports. No information on individual returns can be given to any external public or private entity. The National Statistics Office (NSO) is the major statistical agency responsible in collecting, compiling, classifying, producing, publishing, and disseminating general-purpose statistics in the Philippines. It coverings of areas from leyte specially tacloban,capoocan , abuyog ,etc. The main objective of this paper is to propose an effective and friendly used grading system in DATAMEX. It shows the final grades of a student and the computation of the grade both midterm and finals. This proposal helps the student to be aware to their grade if he/she is failed or pass the specific subject The National Statistics Office (NSO) was first called the Bureau of the Census and Statistics (BCS) under Commonwealth Act. No. 591 approved on August 19, 1940. The BCS was created to consolidate statistical activities of the government under the executive direction of the President of the Philippines. Transferred to the BCS were the powers, functions and duties of the Statistics Division of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce; Civil Registry Division of the National Library; and Statistics Division of the Bureau of Customs. Also transferred to the BCS were the personnel, equipment, unexpended appropriations, records, documents, supplies and other property upon or prior to the completion of the census taken in accordance with the provision of C. A. 170, the act creating the Commission of Census. On January 1, 1941, the BCS was transferred (under Executive Order No. 392) to the then Department of Trade. Presidential Decree No 418 issued on March 20, 1974 reconstituted the BCS into a new agency known as the National Census and Statistics Office (NCSO) under the administrative supervision of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). In 1987, by virtue of Executive Order No. 121 entitled â€Å"Reorganizing and Strengthening the Philippine Statistical System and for Other Purposes†, the NCSO was renamed National Statistics Office (NSO) under the administrative supervision of the Office of the President. Executive Order No. 149 dated December 28, 1993 was issued by the Office of the President entitled â€Å"Streamlining of the Office of the President†. By virtue of this order, the NSO was placed again under the administrative supervision of the NEDA for effective policy and program coordination and integration. Executive Order No. 5, approved on October 23, 1999 is the most recent development. It mandated the â€Å"Strengthening of the National Statistics Office†. The order strengthens NSO through decentralization of statistics generation activities, transformation of Central Office Units into more developmental planning and evaluation units, and increased application of information technology in its operations to efficiently and effectively perform its mandated functions. 1. Is there any significance between the manual grading systems to the computerized grading system? 2. Is Manual grading system gives more accurate, efficiency and easy to use than the computerized grading system? 3. Is manual grading system makes the task easier and less consuming of time than the computerized grading system? Hypotheses 1. The computerized grading system is more significance than the manual as follows: a. No using of paper and pencil. b. Rush hour submission of grades. c. A slow process of retrieving and releasing of records. 2. All the results from the gathered by teacher from the students grades has capable to enter efficiency and has a friendly used. The study limited itself to the workers employed in both unionized and non-unionized establishments employing 20 more workers that operate in the National Statistic Office. The main justification for this choice was to make a comparison of the unionization tendencies of workers coming from two types of economies – one urban and the other rural; one which has a high union density as against another with a relatively low union density; one which is principally an industrial economy and another which is basically agricultural. In this sense, respondents from the Metro Manila stood for those workers coming from the urbanized, industrialized, and highly unionized parts of the Philippines, while Ilocos Sur respondents represented workers coming from the rural, agricultural and low union density regions. It was also a means to explain the non-union phenomenon in light of the socio-cultural differences of the respondents, one set of workers being composed of mixed ethnic groups, and the other predominantly Ilocanos. It was also a means to test whether rural workers, or in the case of this study, Ilocanos, are less interested in unionism and union-joining as they are observed to be thinly unionized. Moreover, the study focused on an examination of the factors influencing the propensity to unionize from the standpoint of the worker (meaning, an individual level analysis) and hence, excluded the study of management preferences or union preferences. One other limitation of the study was its coverage that made it prone to sampling biases. The limitation of the sample to employees working in companies employing 20 or more workers left out workers from smaller companies that are potentially organizable; other cultural groups (Visayans, Muslims, Cordillerans, Bicolanos, etc. were left out in view of the fact that the scope of the study included only rRegion 8; and the focus of the study on the individual level missed some explanations of the determinants of union-joining behavior that might come from other factors, such as those coming from managers and employers with their perceived anti-union ideologies, the apathy of trade unions and labor federations toward organizing the unorganized workers, in addition to some other explanations that may come from other possible sources, like government industrial or labor relations legislation. It focuses on how the proposed system will be able to contribute a lot for the students in terms of showing their grades. And to develop an electronic and advanced system that will allow the students of DATAMEX to show their grades and how computing it.

Glucosamine/Chondroitin Essay -- essays research papers

Do you know what the dietary supplement glucosamine/chondroitin is, does or can do? Do you know what the side effects are or if there are any? Do you know how it’s made or what it’s derived from? I didn’t think so, so that’s what I am here to tell you. I was playing lacrosse one day when I made a sudden move and that’s when it all went down hill. I tore the cartilage in my knee, the meniscus - a piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion - to be exact. A few days later I was talking to my Aunt Marie, a podiatrist, when she mentioned the dietary supplement glucosamine/contortion. First, let’s brake it down. What is glucosamine? Glucosamine is an amino sugar that is produced naturally in our bodies. Glucosamine can also be found in the shells of shellfish. Glucosamine is necessary for the construction of connective tissue and healthy cartilage. It is the building block of proteoglycans, which are large protein molecules that act like a sponge to hold water thereby giving connective tissue elasticity and cushioning effects. It also provides a buffering action to help protect against impacts that could cause damage to the surrounding area. Glucosamine helps to form tendons, ligaments, skin, nails, bones, mucous membranes, and other body tissue. Many studies have been put together to determine whether it effectively supplements our bodies’ glucosamine needs. Studies have shown that it can replace what the body can not produce. For example in one study, oral glucosamine stimulate...

Sunrise On The Veldt: Order :: essays research papers

Sunrise on the Veldt: Order Order is sought instinctively. In Literature, as well as Biology, order is sought instinctively by authors and scientists. Authors use order to convey real-life incidents and make their stories seem more realistic. Scientists use a way of classification to bring order to Biology. The life cycle, as the cycle of a virus, shows order. The young boy in the short story, "Sunrise on the Veldt," found order in the life cycle. He sought this order to help him explain the death of a buck. The death of the buck made the young boy think about the life cycle. He shot the buck, and the buck became injured. Then the buck died. An organism is born, it grows, it lives for a period of time, then it dies. The human life cycle is similar. A baby is born. The baby’s parents take care of it, then the baby turns into an adult. The adult lives for a period of time, then the adult dies. Humans seek order in the life cycle to help explain death. The order in the life cycle was sought instinctively, because people wanted an explanation of death. The order in "Sunrise on the Veldt" was shown in the life cycle. In the novel, The Wave, a teacher sought order to help keep his classroom under control. The order helped keep the classroom under control. But the students began to notice they were not thinking, and the order began to tear the school apart. The teacher sought order because he wanted his students to behave better. Scientists use order to control viruses. Viruses are classified by several attributes; their shape, the vectors that transmit them, and their RNA or DNA content. Once a virus is classified, it can be examined, and controlled. Biologists use order to classify other organisms as well. Charles Darwin sought order instinctively by becoming a naturalist. He studied animals and plants and devised a theory of evolution. He decided that variations exist within populations. Some variations are more advantageous for survival and reproduction than others. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Over time, offspring of survivors will make up a larger proportion of the population. Darwin believed that organisms produce more offspring so that the stronger offspring can live, but the weak offspring die. Darwin, the virus cycle, and The Wave portray order being sought instinctively. A virus seeks order instinctively. A virus attaches itself to a host. Then it enters into the host by exchanging its DNA or RNA. The virus then replicates itself, inside the host.

Human Trafficking Paper Essay

Thesis: Because human trafficking is worse than ever and also the fastest increasing criminal industry in today’s world, society needs to address the problem in serious ways. I. Traffickers A. Child slavery B. Exploitation II. Lifestyle A. Treatment B. Living conditions III. Results A. Injuries B. Health Howell 1 Human Trafficking Every year roughly 100,000 children are kidnapped and brought into human trafficking. This creates them to be opened up to the streets, diseases, and sexual abuse at an extremely young age. Most are used until they have passed from drug overdose or sexual disease. Some get away but most don’t escape because of the danger it will cause or they’ve been in it for so long they  believe it is normal. Because human trafficking is worse than ever and also the fastest increasing criminal industry in today’s world, society needs to address the problem in serious ways. Every year thousands of men, women, and children are abducted in violation of human rights. â€Å"Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer and harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat and use of force or other forms of coercion.† Human trafficking has three whole elements which are; The Act (what us done), The Means (how it is done), and The Purpose (why it is done). 1,082 cases of sex trafficking and 1,615 of them were child cases, only 361 kids were returned home. If these abductions rise as they are now by 2020 we will have an estimate of 10,000 child abduction cases related to sex trafficking. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 is helping out in preventing child abduction in sex trafficking. It is one of the most effective so far.

The Edutained American essays

The Edutained American essays You may try to deny it; many of us do. We are our own people, with our own thoughts, feelings, and opinions. We are individuals, and nothing influences us without our knowledge and permission. Certainly not the media; we create the media, after all, and direct it with our own tastes and preferences. It is merely a part of our lives, a not-too pervasive part. We say this with absolute certainty and still know that we lie. For the media is not a part of our lives, it is our lives. It directs us, moves us towards what its creators, directors and sponsors want us to see. Everything we do is not media influenced, it is media-dictated. In some ways, our modern information systems are helpful. They are, after all, informative. From these systems we learn, we process the information they bring on current events, popular culture, and every other subject known to man. But the information is tainted. It is filtered through the corporate sponsors and the agendas of those who bring it to us. Therefore we bow to the opinions of those who give us our knowledge on every subject they expose us to, from the clothes we buy, to the music we listen to, the films we see, books we read, politicians we vote for, religions we believe in. Our thoughts are not our own. What does this mean to the world in which we live? How does this effect our leaders, our schools and our families? And in a society so permeated with For many of us who attend college now, the media has been around us since birth. The television was a effective babysitter, and we grew up accustomed to the quick, joke-a-minute style of cartoons and situation comedies. With the advent of MTV in 1981, we learned to absorb information through the two and three minute stories offered on that channel, as well as VH1 and BET. These channels opened to us a world that most of our parents simply didnt see as children. One hour of MTV&apo...

Cuánto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes

Cunto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes La peticià ³n de papeles para su cà ³nyuge realizada por un residente permanente se demora, en el momento de escribir este artà ­culo, entre aproximadamente 21 meses de mà ­nimo y 30 de mximo. En este artà ­culo se explican las causas de la demora, cà ³mo es posible hacer un clculo ms detallado, segà ºn el caso de cada solicitante, cosas que deben saberse mientras se estn en el medio del proceso de la tramitacià ³n y, por à ºltimo, quà © causas pueden dar lugar a la negacià ³n de peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. 4 factores que determinan la  demora la green card para cà ³nyuges de residentes La demora de la peticià ³n, la cual se puede presentar para un cà ³nyuge del mismo sexo o del sexo opuesto,  depende, bsicamente, de cuatro: En primer lugar, de quà © oficina del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) debe aprobar la peticià ³n En segundo lugar, de la oficina consular en la que se realiza la entrevista para los casos de cà ³nyuge fuera de Estados Unidos o de la oficina del USCIS que debe aprobar el ajuste de estatus, para el caso de cà ³nyuges en situacià ³n migratoria legal en los Estados Unidos En tercer lugar, del nà ºmero total de peticiones de esta categorà ­a, ya que existe un nà ºmero mximo que se puede aprobar por aà ±o fiscal y asà ­, cuando se alcanza dicho nà ºmero las oficinas del gobierno paralizar el nà ºmero de peticiones aprobadas hasta que el inicio del siguiente aà ±o fiscal. Y en cuarto lugar, del paà ­s de nacimiento de la persona pedida ya que para Mà ©xico aplican unas fechas y para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a, otras.   Pero es posible calcular las demoras y tambià ©n verificar cada poco si hay cambios en los tiempos de tramitacià ³n. Adems, si todavà ­a no se ha iniciado el trmite, esto es lo que se debe  hacer para que un residente solicite la green card para su cà ³nyuge. Paso 1: demora el USCIS en aprobar la peticià ³n El primer paso en la obtencià ³n de la green card para el cà ³nyuge es que el USCIS apruebe la solicitud. El paquete con ella se envà ­a a una oficina (depende del lugar en el que se reside) y, una vez, allà ­, se distribuye entre los llamados Centros de Servicio. A las pocas semanas de haber enviado el paquete con la solicitud se recibe una carta que tambià ©n se conoce con el nombre de NOA1. Contiene informacià ³n importante, como el nà ºmero de caso y tambià ©n el lugar en el que va a tramitar la solicitud.   Una vez que se sabe cul ha tocado, ir a esta pgina oficial, bajar el cursor, elegir el Centro de Servicio adecuado y presionar en centro de servicio fechas de trmite.   A partir de ahà ­ se abre una pgina y hacia la mitad de la misma buscar formulario I-130 peticià ³n para pariente extranjero y verificar la opcià ³n de peticià ³n de un residente permanente para un cà ³nyuge o un nià ±o menor de 21 aà ±os.   Y el tiempo de procesamiento son los meses en los que el USCIS se demora para contestar si aprueba la peticià ³n o la deniega. Lo notifica con una carta conocida como NOA2 que es muy importante porque ahà ­ aparece la fecha de prioridad. Paso 2. La gran espera por los papeles Una vez que el USCIS aprueba la solicitud hay que esperar por una visa disponible. Esto quiere decir que por ley hay un nà ºmero limitado de peticiones de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden hacer en esta categorà ­a de solicitudes de residente para esposo, lo que se conoce como F2A.   Y como el nà ºmero de solicitudes es ms grande que el nà ºmero de visas disponibles entonces se producen unos retrasos.   Cada mes el Departamento de estado publica el boletà ­n de visas. Ahà ­ es el lugar donde informarse  si ya hay visa disponible y se acabà ³ la espera. La manera de mirarlo es teniendo la fecha de prioridad en la mano. Si la fecha es anterior al dà ­a que el boletà ­n de visas seà ±ala para la categorà ­a F2A, eso quiere decir que comienza de nuevo la tramitacià ³n que falta.Si es ms reciente, hay que seguir esperando. En la actualidad, el boletà ­n de visas est dividido en dos grandes categorà ­as.   En el caso en que se puede ajustar el estatus, verificar la fecha en dates for filing. Por el contrario, los casos con procedimiento consular deben consular el final action. Paso 3. Ajuste de estatus o procedimiento consular Entonces pueden pasar dos cosas segà ºn dà ³nde se encuentra el cà ³nyuge pedido: Si est en Estados Unidos legalmente se puede proceder a su ajuste de estatus. Y aquà ­ se explica cà ³mo verificar los tiempos de demora para eso. Recordar que los esposos de residentes en situacià ³n migratoria de ilegalidad no pueden ajustar su estatus y, por lo tanto, antes de iniciar cualquier trmite migratorio deberà ­an consultar y asesorarse con un abogado. Si la persona pedida est fuera de Estados Unidos habr unas gestiones (como envà ­o del affidavit of support) con el Centro Nacional de Visas y los pasos finales se harn en el paà ­s de cada uno, incluyendo una entrevista en el consulado o Embajada. Aunque las demoras varà ­an por paà ­s en là ­neas generales puede decirse que desde que hay visa disponible a la finalizacià ³n del proceso no pasan ms de seis meses.   Problemas en la peticià ³n de la green card para esposos Estas son 42 causas por las que se deniega la green card. No todos los problemas son iguales, ya que en algunos casos es posible pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver. En otros casos, el castigo es solamente temporal. Finalmente, en algunas circunstancias no ser posible encontrar arreglo y no se obtendr la green card. Adems, tratndose de un matrimonio, el USCIS y, en su caso, el consulado va a poner atencià ³n para averiguar si el matrimonio es real o es sà ³lo de conveniencia.   Recordar que los  esposos de residentes que estn en Estados Unidos como indocumentados  no pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio. Con lo que si los piden en esa situacià ³n tendrn que salir de Estados Unidos y allà ­ puede saltar el problema del  castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Por todas estas razones dichas, es recomendable antes de iniciar trmite asesorarse con un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n cuando alguno de esos problemas puedan aparecer. Mientras se est esperando por los papeles Mientras se espera por la green card, puede suceder que el solicitante cambie de estatus legal al naturalizarse y convertirse en ciudadano estadounidense. Esto es lo que debe  hacer si el residente se convierte en ciudadano.   Por otra parte, tambià ©n mientras se espera por la green card si el cà ³nyuge est fuera de Estados Unidos puede que desee viajar para reunirse con su esposa o marido. Pero esto no siempre es posible y conviene enterarse de las posibilidades de ser exitoso al  pedir una visa de turista mientras se espera por green card. Asimismo, como las cosas de amor pueden ser cambiantes, es importante conocer cà ³mo  afecta el divorcio a la green card. Consejos para que todo el trmite resulte bien Estados Unidos es un paà ­s diferente en muchos aspectos como por ejemplo, el migratorio, el legal, o en materia de impuestos, etc. Para evitar problemas y conocer los derechos todas las personas que desean emigrar deberà ­an familiarizarse cuanto antes con los aspectos bsicos del paà ­s y asà ­ evitar ms tarde problemas indeseados.   Adems, este es un listado de telà ©fonos y pginas webs en los que se puede verificar informacià ³n sobre el caso y obtener buenos recursos migratorios.   Finalmente, se aconseja tomar este quiz - trivial o test- para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos para obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia. Es difà ­cil conseguirla. No corras el riesgo de que te la cancelen por ignorancia. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo, no es consejo legal.

A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Essays - Free Essays

A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Essays - Free Essays A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Hilary Hines March 28 2015 Dr. Kim Vaughan PSYCH 6113: Theories of Personality Yorkville University INTRODUCTION Among a collection of innovative ideas from 1895 to 1905, Sigmund Freud created a new way of thinking about and perceiving behavior; He called it Psychoanalysis' (Mitchell, 1995). Freud was a trained physician, a biologist and a fan of Charles Darwin. His studies of human thought and behavior were inspired by a personal and societal interest in personality and behavior, followed by innovative theories of the unconscious effects on behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Following the emergence of Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis, there were a substantial amount of intellects that were intrigued by his work and supported him. His followers agreed that early childhood experiences affect personality development and that resolving psychological conflicts influences personality development. Freudian Theory is the most cited work in psychology as well as other humanities to this day (Friedman Schustack, 2011). In his time, he influenced many behaviorists and physicians to follow in his footsteps and was the key contributor to theories of personality and behavior around the world. Carl Jung's work with word-association in the early 1900's supported Freud's theory of repression. Freud was very excited to find evidence that proved his theory and wanted Jung to be his prodigy; he saw him to be an "able helper." Jung was reluctant to work with Freud from their initial contact based on fundamental differences in belief regarding religion and in the nature of his work being based upon primarily sexual notions (such as incestuous explanations of infantile behavior, etc.). Their ambivalent relationship ended less than 10 years after it began (Vernon, 2011). The separation of Freud and Jung eventually lead to the creation of neoanalysis and many other aspects of studying personality and behavior, what Jung believed to be an improved version of psychoanalysis. Jung attempted to correct the shortcomings of Freud by maintaining focus on Like psychoanalysis, Jung expands on the unconscious and its effect on interpersonal conflicts in personality development. In "neoanalysis", there is a lot less emphasis on the sexual motivations proposed by Freud (1910). His theory described general psychic energy (as opposed to sexual energy) and that interpersonal conflicts affect personality development that continues across lifespan (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Psychoanalysis and neo-analysis agree on many fundamental levels in that internal and external conflicts within influence development and behavior. They differ in ways that protrude personal differences between Freud and Jung and accusations of forsaking moral duties to the field of psychology Despite the criticism of Freud, the underlying foundation of his work is crucial and ought to be highly considered when attempting to gain a fair understanding personality and behavior. Freud's theory of psychosexual development using psychoanalysis is commonly dismissed and oversimplified in terms of comparison to Jung's theory of neoanalysis. Freud was secular and by no means a moralist in terms of area of study and practice. He did not allow supernatural ideas or societal rules prohibit his intuition; He was qualified, devoted and reasonable despite his conclusions being unable to account for experiences after adolescents and their contribution to personality development. Freud is often criticized to the point that popular opinion strives to disproof his fundamental ideas. His theories underlie most psychological discoveries and well as contribute to other major studies of humanity (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Although Freud's psychoanalytical theories have undergone much scrutiny, their foundations were crucial in the development of neo-analysis and the hundreds of other theories and many perspectives that followed in his footsteps (including Jung, Eric Erikson, etc.), which I will discuss by comparing the two. PSYCHOANALYSIS Freudian studies began in the 1890's on the unconscious, therapeutic techniques for treating the mind as well as the structure of the mind. Freud was provoked by religious and social status preventing the relief of his sexual urges; being unable to marry his wife, the first four years of their relationship was without sexual relations prohibited by their inability to become wed. Childhood memories of seeing his young mother naked and confusion caused by his half-brothers flirting with his her provoked Freud to come up with theories of sexual motivations. He believed that psychosexual development began at infancy and that the unconsciousness was the root of

Toxic Gases Emitted From the Burning of Coal Case Study

Toxic Gases Emitted From the Burning of Coal - Case Study Example Although the present system seems favorable for the Chinese consumers, yet â€Å"UNDERPRICING ENERGY REPRESENTS THE WORLD’S NUMBER ONE SUBSIDY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION† (Chandler 5). This imparts the need to increase the number of coal power plants in China with the FGD systems installed in them. Presently, Chinese industries that directly burn coal are imposed sulfur taxes upon, but these sulfur taxes are too small to cause any reduction in pollution. â€Å"REGULATED OR NOT, ENFORCEMENT GENERALLY FALLS TO THE PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, WHICH MUST BALANCE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AGAINST ECONOMIC GROWTH PRIORITIES† (Rosen and Houser 36). As a Chinese leader, I would have to determine the optimal level to which the environment can be protected without compromising upon the economic growth of the industry. Installing fully operational FGD systems at all coal power plants in China is certainly not an option given the immensity of increase it causes in the electricity tariffs. So I would consider increasing the number of coal power plants with the FGD systems installed from 4 to 8 per cent to 20 to 30 per cent. This would hopefully cause substantial reduction in the emission of hazardous gases in the environment. â€Å"THE CHALLENGE FOR POLICY MAKERS IS TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES THAT HELP THE MARKET CONVERGE ON THE MOST COST-COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES† (Chandler 5). In order to develop such strategies, I would place emphasis on encouraging market-based technologies that are feasible as well as on eradicating the barriers to the widespread use of those technologies. Another area that requires my attention as the Chinese leader is the transportation boom as it happens to be a potential threat to the air quality in China. â€Å"SOME 14,000 NEW CARS HIT CHINAS ROADS EACH DAY† (Elizabeth para. 9).

General Motors Company Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Motors Company Management - Essay Example GM is regarded as one of the foremost leaders in the automobile industry which became much interested in implementing the technology of lean manufacturing for fulfilling its expected business targets. In the early 1980s, GM observed the execution of the Toyota Production System by several Japanese auto manufacturers. Thus, GM became much interested in the implementation of the same. In the year 1994, GM negotiated with Toyota and adopted the practice of lean manufacturing technology (the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). The execution of the technique relating to lean manufacturing had marked a significant success within GM. The technology certainly enhanced the quality of the products that the company manufactured along with served to the customers and most significantly enhanced the profitability of the organization. Discussion The implementation of lean manufacturing technique has provided GM with numerous benefits. It supported the organization in terms of qua lity improvement, cost reduction, increased volume of sales and also control of production related aspects with the aim of meeting customers’ needs. ... It can be apparently observed that relating to the execution of lean manufacturing based technique at Lansing Grand River Assembly (LGRA) plant of GM, the technique supported the organization to control production and comply with varied customer demands by a greater degree. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the worldwide manufacturing tactics of GM focused on enhancing product quality along with plant productivity in manufacturing world-class vehicles. These tactics eventually supported GM towards controlling its different production techniques and most importantly meeting demands of its customers conveniently (the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). Thus, after the implementation of all the above-discussed strategies that can be associated with lean manufacturing technology, it can be affirmed that the organization is quite able to satisfy the needs of the customers through controlling the material costs of the vehicles. It can be apparently obs erved that GM not only controlled the procedure of overproduction but also satisfied the demands of the customers through lessening costs and delivering products on time. After the invention of lean manufacturing techniques, most of the automotive-based organizations observed the rise of competition in their respective businesses. It has been viewed in this regard that the competitive position of the Japanese automotive organizations reduced due to the adoption of lean technology by the companies belonging to the US. This is owing to the reason that the average time taken in the production of vehicles in the US is quite lesser i.e.16.6 hours in comparison with that of Japan.  

(criminology)managing crime part 2 community safety Assignment

(criminology)managing crime part 2 community safety - Assignment Example Under the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, there are strategies are implemented for this purpose. Work is achieved with partnerships with several agencies, and other representatives of the business and voluntary communities and local groups. A crime audit is an essential part of this process (What is community safety? 2013). The primary objective of the Act is to â€Å"make provision for preventing crime and disorder† (Crime and Disorder Act 1998 1998). This includes the preventing crimes against children or aggressive offences taking place in the society and also bringing in changes in the criminal justice system. With this Act various amendments have been made in the system along with abolition of the death penalty for criminals (Crime and Disorder Act 1998 1998). While partnership working has benefitted different regions to deal with crime, mostly after the occurrence of the offence (Berry et al 2009); failure occurred as the concept of community safety was considered too broad ly. Hence it involved so many issues, such as education, housing, social work and others, along with the issue of crime that eventually it failed to bring advanced changes in the system as it planned to do (Helms 2012). The Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 â€Å"served to completely restructure the youth justice system in England and Wales by establishing a new national and local infrastructure† (Goldson and Muncie 2006). Youth Offending Team was an agency developed that reflected the shift from the conventional justice system (Goldson and Muncie 2006). Yet, the Act failed to mainstream community safety as several issues had started cropping in regard to the crime audits and in enhancing the sense of community. Crime audits were a lot dependent on data obtained from police that was narrowly focused on crimes. Enhancement of community safety could not be achieved as the projects largely depended upon groups and organizations that were existent in the society and hence failed to address groups that were sidelined. Thus â€Å"community safety projects† under the Act â€Å"could divide communities rather than unite them† (Joyce 2013). Thus it could be concluded from this section that the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998 failed to mainstream community safety successfully primarily due to the broad conception of community safety, along with the ineffectiveness of the Act to enhance the sense of community. The groups and the causes behind crimes could not be successfully addressed by the community safety projects thereby not allowing the Act to mainstream community safety and crimes could still occur in the society that were dealt with after the occurrence of the crimes. Section 2: The â€Å"ultimate goal of crime prevention is to reduce the risk of being a victim† (What is Crime Prevention? 2006). In order to achieve this, it is essential that opportunities to criminal minded people are not provided to commit illegal activities (What is Crime Prevention? 2006). This section of the study discusses about the strengths and weaknesses of crime prevention measures in reducing crime and disorder, considering theories associated with crime prevention. Over the years, the police departments have evolved in their ways to handle crime and their methods of prevention. The strengths of the system lie with the measures that are considered by the police departments effectively such as â€Å"

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example Leaders use it to prove to the world that they are doing the right thing for their citizenry or nations. Do today’s governments embody the dictums that define democracy? This piece of work is written to explain the meaning of politics and democracy, as well as the roles they play in the present day society. The author has examined how the two, politics and democracy, present themselves in the U.S, and how they have shaped the country from as far as 200 years ago. The word politics comes from two Greek words; ‘polis,’ and ‘politikos.’ Polis means a self-governing city or state, while politikos means relating to people. Cities of ancient Greece are believed to be the origin of present day politics. They are the first points where noticeable governance structures can be established. For these reason, ideologies of most governments today borrow heavily from the cultural practices of the old Greek people. The Greek civilization dates back to over 4000 years (Marshall, 2011). According to one English philosopher; Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), in one of his works, the Leviathan (1651), life before civilization is believed to have been harsh, brutal and selfish. This is attributed to lack of laws to govern the code of conduct of people. As a result, people were only driven by their own selfish desires. Various individuals have strived to come up with definitions for politics. Due to its broad nature and ambiguity, it is hard to capture all that it entails in just one definition. Some of the most visible philosophers who endeavoured into defining politics include; Aristotle, Plato, Machiavelli, and Harold Lasswell. Politics is the ‘philosophy of human affairs.’ This is the view held by Aristotle (384-322 BCE) in his Nicomachean Ethics (350 BCE). Aristotle claims that man is naturally a political animal, because politics is what brings happiness to man and to the community. In his definition, he draws the

Role of NGO's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of NGO's - Research Paper Example The island was claimed by Spain in 1492. In 200 years later, France forced the Spanish out and practiced farming there, which was aided by slave laborers, most of whom came from Guinea in West Africa. By 1791, the slaves pulled efforts together to oppose colonial rule. Towards the end of 1803, the French armies under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte ceded power and Haiti became independent in 1804. Immediately after the independence, the nation experienced serious problems of leadership and governance that has continued to destabilize the country up to date. The United States and other international community kept shifting between periods of engagement and non-engagement, but they did not offer Haiti any long-term solution its problems (Schwartz, 2008: 235). One of the most memorable leaders who have played a remarkable role in the country’s history is Aristide, who was ousted out of power in a coup by General Cedras Raoul in February 2004. Afterwards, a U.N. Security fore seen installation of interim force to restore order and form transitional government. Later, in 2006, Haiti held elections, but they were marred by violence after a run-off was called. In view of this background, it is clear that the crisis that is experienced in Haiti is mostly as a result of poor governance. This is especially as a result of lack of governmental capacity to serve the public effectively and efficiently. In particular, the government is left without the capacity to fight poverty or address the country’s most harmful impacts such as education and health, entrusting most of these functions to NGOs (Schwartz, 2008: 236). 1.2 Statement of Research Problem Most of Haitians are very poor, living on less than $2 a day, a situation that has been worsened by the inability of the Haitian government to provide basic services such as health care and education. This level of inefficiency by Haitian government was made evident in 2006, when the World Bank biennial ranked i t in the bottom 6 percent on government effectiveness and bottom 2 percent of countries on corruption (Buss, 2008: 256). Many NGOs commissioned by the international development community have attempted to bring Haiti on its foot, though they lack confidence in the government in performing its mandate especially regarding alleviation of poverty and improving the lives of Haitians. Similarly, the government circles raise complains that they are not consulted by the NGOs when choosing their projects. Most critics argue that many NGOs have failed to provide a long-term solution with their development projects, and rather opted to operate as relief agencies, providing temporary solutions such as giving poor citizens food on a daily basis (Haggerty, 1989: 25). With so many NGOs operating in Haiti, the role of government has been ignored, and the Haitian people have over relied on organizations that they did not elect into office. More so, the relationships between the NGOs and their donor s has continued to challenge the rights of the people of Haiti, yet these organizations have continued to amass a lot of wealth in the name of fighting poverty. One of the reasons given for the donors not dealing directly with NGOs rather than the government is the perception of widespread corruption in Haiti. There has been a discussion that the ongoing impression of widespread of corruption in the government can only be eliminated through promotion of good

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example Leaders use it to prove to the world that they are doing the right thing for their citizenry or nations. Do today’s governments embody the dictums that define democracy? This piece of work is written to explain the meaning of politics and democracy, as well as the roles they play in the present day society. The author has examined how the two, politics and democracy, present themselves in the U.S, and how they have shaped the country from as far as 200 years ago. The word politics comes from two Greek words; ‘polis,’ and ‘politikos.’ Polis means a self-governing city or state, while politikos means relating to people. Cities of ancient Greece are believed to be the origin of present day politics. They are the first points where noticeable governance structures can be established. For these reason, ideologies of most governments today borrow heavily from the cultural practices of the old Greek people. The Greek civilization dates back to over 4000 years (Marshall, 2011). According to one English philosopher; Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), in one of his works, the Leviathan (1651), life before civilization is believed to have been harsh, brutal and selfish. This is attributed to lack of laws to govern the code of conduct of people. As a result, people were only driven by their own selfish desires. Various individuals have strived to come up with definitions for politics. Due to its broad nature and ambiguity, it is hard to capture all that it entails in just one definition. Some of the most visible philosophers who endeavoured into defining politics include; Aristotle, Plato, Machiavelli, and Harold Lasswell. Politics is the ‘philosophy of human affairs.’ This is the view held by Aristotle (384-322 BCE) in his Nicomachean Ethics (350 BCE). Aristotle claims that man is naturally a political animal, because politics is what brings happiness to man and to the community. In his definition, he draws the

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example Certainly, chargebacks are not for all time the outcome of somewhat IS service provider did or did not perform sometimes mistakes are made by issuer of card, buyers and credit card holders (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009), (Visa., 2011) and (Conde, 2011). Moreover, a chargeback takes place after a consumer contacts their credit-card provider to challenge a charge that emerges on their credit card testimonial. Additionally, the chargebacks can take place due to several causes for instance an illegal agent has performed an acquisition the consumer’s credit card. In addition, there could be some concerns of chargeback wherein a buyer is not pleased with the strength of the IS services. There is another aspect in which consumer has been indicted numerous times intended for the similar order of purchase. In other scenarios a chargeback can take place when the purchaser is displeased by an acquirement and has not been capable to resolve the issue with the trader. Ot her cases may involve when the purchaser has not obtained the purchased products as they were promised by the IS service provider (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) and (Google, 2011).

English Paper on Holes Essay Example for Free

English Paper on Holes Essay The film codes and conventions are greatly used in the movie Holes, directed by Andrew Davis, to construct characters and develop the atmosphere. The film is about a young boy, Stanley Yelnats, who is falsely accused of stealing a pair of shoes. As a punishment, he is sent to camp Greenlake, where he meats and discovers an ancient secret that leads him to great treasure. Throughout the movie technical, symbolic, audio and written codes are used to demonstrate the characters’ personalities as well as create a profound atmosphere in every scene. These filmic conventions help the audience to obtain a clearer understanding of the main characters and the movie itself. The innocent and friendly nature of Stanley is effectively demonstrated through the film codes and conventions. He is a protagonist in the movie and undergoes the most change to his personality and behavior throughout the film. In the very first scene, Stanley’s voice over is used saying â€Å"All my life, I seem to appear at the wrong time in the wrong place†. This audio code has a great effect on the viewer’s opinion of Stanley, indicating that he is clumsy or unlucky. A little further into the movie, techniques such as costume and setting are well used. Stanley’s over-sized old clothes and the messy, un-tidy house of the Yelnats’ family gives an impression of a less fortunate family. These filmic codes are vital in the construction of Stanley’s personality. The film codes and conventions successfully show Zero’s as a closed, shy and disrespected little boy. He too is one of the main characters in the movie and over time becomes great friends with Stanley. When Stanley is introduced to the other boys in camp, Mr. Fernandsci explains, â€Å"You know why everyone calls him Zero? Because he has nothing going on in his stupid, little head!†. The effect of this dialogue is immense. Zero is introduced as a dumb and helpless boy, yet we understand that he is plainly judged and bullied. When the councilor proclaims this, Zero turns his back on the boys and his facial expression shows anger and disappointment. These symbolic codes have a huge effect on the viewer’s opinion of zero, suggesting that he is an annoyed and perhaps unapproachable little boy. He just wants everyone to leave him alone. The audience understands zero’s calm yet unsociable personality through the excellent use of various film code techniques. The filmic conventions are used to create a dream-like atmosphere in the scene where kissing Kate Barlow commits suicide. After stealing and burying the treasure of Stanley’s great grandfather, she has been stranded in the desert for several days. When viewers first see her lying on the sand, the focus of the camera is blurred. This technical code has a great effect on the viewers understanding of the scene, showing that it is a flash back or memory. Further into the episode, a blurred image of Sam appears and Kate murmurs, â€Å"Its so hot Sam but I feel so cold†. These techniques give an impression that Kate’s vision is blurring and she is hallucinating because of exhaustion. This dialogue and several other shots work together to create the imaginary, almost unrealistic atmosphere. A happy and relieving atmosphere is created with the use of film codes in the scene where Stanley and Zero climb god’s thumb and reach water. After a close escape from Camp Greenlake, the two boys have been wondering along the desert for days. They have finally reached a rocky mountain in the shape of a thumb, onto which Stanley’s great grandfather had once climbed, and found water. Joyful and lively music plays when the boys finally come to the top of the mountain. The use of this technique demonstrates how Zero and Stanley have finally reached their goals and the atmosphere is clearly shown. Throughout this scene, cool colors such as blue, purple, grey and violet are used. This symbolizes the peacefulness of the situation and the viewer gives a sigh of relief, as the main characters are unharmed. These filmic codes are very important in the construction of a serene atmosphere in the particular scene. The atmosphere and the characters’ personalities in the movie are created by the excellent use of film codes and conventions. Voice overs, body language and costumes are used to construct the character of Stanley and Zero. Colors, music, different camera shots and dialogue are used during different scenes to portray the correct atmosphere. These various codes give us a better understanding of the film and the important messages.

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay This report was written in the pursuit of creating a suitable wing box structure for AMYE, in which a suitable design for the structure has been researched. As a result of the design study on wing box loading cases and requirements imposed on the concept, a finished structure plan has been created. The finished design structure has been created in recognition of design criteria calling for a wing box able of carrying a 2.5kN bending load without any buckling, and a 5kN bending load before failure as final parameters. The analytical study of all options of design has shown how the number of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet spacing can all be used to vary and tailor the wing box structure in order to meet design parameters. The conclusion of the report is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and simultaneously not have any over-design present in the structure, a dimensioned wing box plan has been formulated. Summarising, the wing box has 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate, 2 spar webs and a rivet spacing of 30 mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. Introduction Part of a wing box design, construction and testing process, this report will focus on a final wing box design for the AMYE company. The AMYE company has issued a request for a wing box design for one of their aircraft. This report will provide information on such a design. The design report will be influenced by findings done in the literacy report. AMYE will focus on designs meeting their needs and financial possibilities. Therefore, this report will provide information on the wing box design and choices made to come to this design. The report also meets AMYEs request for a construction proposal. There are certain requirements for the design of the wing box. This report contains a basic design as well as our own input to meet all the needs of the client. The goal is to make a basic design meeting all the requirements and then adding our own design choices making the design better in a way of for example lower weight, or lower production costs. There will also be a production plan cut out. Structure of the report is as follows. As in any design project, requirements are formulated first. After discussion of a number of key concepts, design is made based on calculations. From this design a construction plan is made, followed by a weight and cost estimation, which is to be reported to AMYE. Design Requirements Design of any aircraft component is based on the requirements imposed on the part. For the wing box load bearing capabilities AMYE has set clear requirements, being (Brugemann et all, 2010): The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 2,5 kN without buckling. The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 5,0 kN without failure. Buckling is allowed at this extreme situation. The design must be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. The number of stingers and rivets must therefore be kept as low as possible. It has to be taken into account that a structure that can withstand much higher loads than the 5 kN failure load is overdesigned. The wing box should have at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin, in order to avoid buckling in a reverse situation since landing causes compression in the lower skin of the wing box. Besides restrictions on load bearing capabilities, outer dimensions of the wing box have also been given. When these dimensions arent stuck to, proper testing is not possible and the design will be rejected. Dimensional restrictions are found in appendix A. (GENERAL DIAGRAM) Key concepts Throughout this report references will be made to a few key concepts. These concepts are discussed and explained below. Moment of inertia In order to calculate bending stress the moment of inertia is computed. The moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis is calculated through a variety of steps. First the position of the centroid without any attached stiffeners is calculated, together with effect of added stiffeners on the centroids position. This is done in excel in order to compute variable combinations to find the optimum in different configurations. The position for the centroid in vertical direction is given by where A is surface area in the cross section and y is the distance of a components centroid to a certain reference point (usually y=0). The moment of inertia is then calculated using the formula: In this formula dy is the distance between centroid and the centroid of the component. For rectangular shaped objects, as found in the wing box cross section, the formula the moment of inertia is as follows: The total moment of inertia is found by the summing the individual moments of inertia of each part of the wing box. The stringers are assumed to be made up of two perpendicular rectangles for purpose of calculations. The base shape of the wing box is assumed to be made of four individual rectangles, with stringers used in the four corners to hold the sheets together as shown [IMAGE REFERENCE]. The finished model has a change in moment of inertia as we add and subtract stringers to the top or the bottom of our structure. Thus by adding stringers to our model, we increase the moment of inertia of our structure and thus our structure is able to cope with higher loads. Compression shear buckling coefficients In order to relate sheet geometry and critical buckling stress, buckling coefficients are needed. Two coefficients are distinguished: compression buckling coefficient KC and shear buckling coefficient KS. Both coefficients vary with the ratio width:height (in which width>height) and clamping states of the sides of the area. Three clamping states are distinguished: clamped, hinged and free. From combinations of these clamping states different situations are created. For a wing box, shear buckling coefficient is used on web plates and compression buckling coefficient is used in the upper skin. On the web plates all stiffeners are assumed to be hinged supports. The connections to the upper and lower skin are considered clamped. This results in situations 2 for areas between stiffeners and situation A for outer areas, as shown in figure 2. Since the value of KS is bigger for A than for 2, all areas can be considered number 2 when considering failure (Brugemann et all, 2010). On the upper skin all connections to the clamps, spars and web plates are considered fixed as supports are deemed heavy and strong enough. Connections to stringers are considered hinged. This leads to situation 3 and 5 for the upper skin, as shown in figure 1 (Brugemann et all, 2010). Figures 1 and 2, showing the clamping states of the upper skin(1) and web plates(2) Loads As stated the wing box will be tested for tip loading. An illustration for such a tip load is shown in figure 3, with the tip load drawn in red. Resultant forces as shown in blue and green. Figure 3: A tip force (red) and resultant shear and normal forces From statics it is known that shear forces will be induced in the web plates of the torsion box to provide equilibrium of forces in y-direction. To provide moment equilibrium a force couple will act in the upper and lower skin, causing the former to be in compression and latter to be in tension (Wright Cooper, 2007). Shear force The approach taken to compute the number of stiffeners required on each web plate is as follows. First the forces which have to be dealt with by the web plates will be computed. After this the number of stiffeners required to cope with these forces without buckling will be calculated. The magnitude of the shear force in the web plates can be computed from equilibrium of moment around the y-axis, which states that the shear forces in the web plates are equal. Since the two shear forces together must equal P for equilibrium each shear force is equal to  ½P. From mechanics it is known that shear stress is shear force over area. Given that the web plates have a thickness t and a height of 2h we know the formula for the shear stress (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in the given values of P=2500N, h=75mm and t=0,8mm we find à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 10,42 MPa. However, at this point sweep of the wing hasnt been taken into account yet. The influence of wing sweep on the shear stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾(0à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 10,42MPa gives à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 13,89 MPa . This is the shear stress the web plates of the wing box should be able to cope with without buckling. Now progress can be made to computing the number of stiffeners. Knowing the value of shear stress to be dealt with, a look at the shear stress at which plate buckling occurs is needed. The formula for the initial buckling stress is as follows (Brugemann et all, 2010): In which KS is the shear buckling coefficient, E is the E-modulus of the material used, t is the thickness of the material used and b is the stringer pitch. For the placement of the stiffeners the two web plates of the wing box have to be considered individually, since both differ in length. Since the wing box during testing is clamped over 110mm and 60mm the first web plate has an effective length of 1099 mm and the second an effective length of 1330mm. The stringer pitch can then be computed by dividing web plate length by the number of intervals on the plate. At this point the reader is referred to the key concept of the shear buckling coefficient, where the determination of the buckling situation is done. This assessment is used for determining the KS coefficient. The following table can be made up for various numbers of stiffeners on the shorter web plate: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 549,5 3,663333 8,4 1,289028 2 366,3333333 2,442222 8,8 3,038424 3 274,75 1,831667 9,4 5,769936 4 219,8 1,465333 9,8 9,399164 5 183,1666667 1,221111 10,3 14,22535 6 157 1,046667 10,8 20,30219 7 137,375 0,915833 8 122,1111111 0,814074 A similar table can be made up for the longer web plate of length 1330mm: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 665 4,433333 8,3 0,869668 2 443,3333333 2,955556 8,6 2,027478 3 332,5 2,216667 9 3,772053 4 266 1,773333 9,35 6,123037 5 221,6666667 1,477778 9,7 9,147228 6 190 1,266667 10,2 13,09217 7 166,25 1,108333 10,6 17,77056 8 147,7777778 0,985185 Comparing the values in the tables with the given shear stress of 13,89 MPa shows us that the shorter web plate will require five stiffeners and the longer web plate will require seven stiffeners. Normal forces The second reaction forces in the wing box to be taken into account are the normal forces in the upper and lower skin. The same approach is to be taken as in determining the number of stiffeners. First loads to be dealt with are determined, then the number of stringers is to be determined. The normal force at an arbitrary point of the wing box can be computed from the formula (Brugemann et all, 2010): In this formula M(x) is the internal moment at position x, y is the distance from the wing box neutral axis to position x and I is the moment of inertia of the wing box cross section. First the lower skin of the wing box will be considered. As stated previously, this plate is loaded in tension. A quick calculation will show the lower plate does not require any stringers. Assuming the load of 2500N is applied at the tip of the wing the moment at the wing root is 3,75 ÃÆ'- 106 Nmm. Given that the distance between the couple of forces in the lower skin and upper skin is 150mm, the tension and compression forces in the top and bottom skin are 25000N. To obtain the stress, force is divided by area (400mm width and 0,8 mm height) and a value of 78,125Mpa is found, some way under the yield strength of 345 MPa. However, to comply with requirement four, one stringer will be placed in the middle of the lower skin. To compute the allowable normal stress in the upper skin the assumption is made at this point that five stringers will be used in the upper skin. This results in a moment of inertia I of 6852580 mm4 for the wing box cross section and a distance y = 64,1mm. This assumption is to be checked later. Given the moment at the wing root, the distance y and the moment of inertia I the normal stress in the upper plate is à Ã†â€™CR = 35,08 MPa at most. Just as with the maximum shear force, wing sweep plays a role according to: Filling in the formula gives à Ã†â€™(30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 46,77 MPa. This is the stress from which onwards buckling is allowed. Now a look is to be taken at the number of stringers. It is assumed two spar webs will be equally spaced over 1330 mm, resulting in a spar web pitch of 443,33mm. Critical stress is determined for some numbers of stringers. This critical stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Given all this data the following table can be made: Number of Stringers Stringer Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Kc (5) [-] Kc (3) [-] à Ã†â€™ (5) [Mpa] à Ã†â€™ (3) [Mpa] 1 200 2,16665 4,2 5,65 4,86528 6,54496 2 133,3333333 3,249975 3,8 5,25 9,90432 13,6836 3 100 4,3333 3,65 5,1 16,91264 23,63136 4 80 5,416625 3,6 5 26,064 36,2 5 66,66666667 6,49995 3,6 5 37,53216 52,128 6 57,14285714 7,583275 3,6 5 51,08544 70,952 The table shows six stringers equally spaced over the width of the wing box will prevent the upper skin from buckling. To double check we compute the moment of inertia of a wing box with six stringers (6770446 mm4) and the value for y (61,9mm). Filling in these values in the formula gives a normal compressive stress of 45,7 MPa, a value smaller than the allowable stress. Concluding, six stringers will be used in the upper skin. Inter rivet buckling An important aspect to keep into consideration when testing is inter rivet buckling, as this phenomenon causes almost instant failure. Therefore the rivets should be able to cope with the internal loads of the wing box at 5000N. Since rivet buckling only occurs in a state of compression, only the upper sheet is considered. Failure will occur when our wing box cannot withstand the maximum stress. To calculate the maximum stress, formula 7 is used. Again the sweep must be taken into account, so using formula 8: This is the maximum stress the wing box has to handle. Looking at this value we know that the aluminium will not fail because the yield stress of aluminium is 345 MPa. So the wing box will fail at the rivets. If the wing box is designed to withstand a tip load of 5 kN, then the rivets have to withstand a stress of 91,43 MPa. Inter rivet distance and inter rivet buckling stress are related through (Brugemann et all, 2010): à Ã†â€™MAX = In this formula c gives the end-fixity coefficient, which has a value of 2,1 for the pop-rivets to be used. Parameter s gives the spacing between rivets and t is the skin thickness. Rewriting this formula for s gives So with a c = 2,1, t = 0,8mm, E = 72400 MPa and a = 130.1MPa the spacing between two rivets becomes 30,95 mm. However, assembly precision only goes as far a whole millimetres, so for the simplification of fabrication the inter rivet spacing is set at s = 30 mm. Final design Summarizing, key aspects of our wing box are as follows. Width and height of the box are 400mm and 150mm respectively. The longer side of the wing box measures 1500mm and the shorter side 1269mm, with the deficit in length being caused by a 30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° cutaway at one end. On the shorter web plate, five stringers will be spaced equally over a distance of 1099mm, spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. On the longer web plate, seven stringers will be equally positioned over a distance of 1330mm, again spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. Inside the wing box, two spar webs will be positioned at a distance of 503,3mm and 946,66mm from the perpendicular edge. Through these spar webs one additional stringer will run over the bottom sheet and six additional stringers will run over the upper sheet, each spaced equally over the full width of the wing box. Finally, construction will be done through riveting, with the rivets being spaced 30mm from each other. TECHNICAL DRAWING ARE FOUND IN APPENDIX B. Failure modes One of the most important things in this wing design is knowing how and when the box will fail. Of course there are different failure modes and all of them have to be taken in to account. An important note: fatigue is not considered yet. The most important failure modes are described below. All the modes are considered for the design. It is necessary to know with stresses are in the design and at which stresses the design will fail, in order to make a good design. Also sweep has been taking into account, as stated in the design. According to J. Loughlan (1996) it is important to know where the stiffeners are. If the stiffeners are placed beyond the optimum value, then they have no function. The stiffeners then simply add weight, without having a function. Loughlan also states that adding a four percent of weight for stiffeners, causes a box to yield a buckling capacity that is three times higher than the buckling capacity of an unstiffened box. Nagendra et al (1994)experienced that all panels, with our without holes, always fail at or near the stiffeners, at places with high bending gradients. Allow a skin to buckle has weight advantages with respect to the non-buckling designs (Lynch, 2004) Compression skin buckling of the top skin The upper skin is loaded in compression due to the bending moment. The bending moment differs with the distance to the wing tip. Thus if the bending moment is too high, buckling will occur. To prevent this, stiffeners and stringers are placed in the design. As stated the allowable skin stress at which buckling occurs is given by formula 9. Kc can differ for each part of the box. Six stringers are used on the top side, with a Kc-value of 3,6 at line number 5. This means that the top skin can cope with a 51,08 Mpa stress without buckling, while the calculated maximum stress that will occur is 45,7 MPa. Shear Buckling of the spar webs Another failure mode is shear buckling of the spar webs. This occurs at the parts that should reinforce the design, the spar webs. In other words, when those reinforcements fail, the whole structure will fail. The initial buckling stress is given in formula 6. Line number 2 is used, with Ks having a value of 10,6 for the longer web plate(7 stiffeners used). This gives a shear stress of 17,77 Mpa where the longer web plate can cope with. For the shorter web plate a Ks of 10,3 is used( 5 stiffeners). So the shorter web plate can cope with a stress of 14,225 MPa. Both calculated values are higher than the shear stress in the plates (13,89 MPa). Since the shear stress is constant in the all the whole web plates, in this case it is most likely to fail at the shorter web plate. Inter rivet buckling Inter rivet buckling occurs at a high compression stress. Its possible to calculate the stress at which it occurs as given by formula 10. Since the space between the rivets is unknown and can be varied, this probably will the most important failure mode. As stated before the maximum compression stress in the whole structure is 91,422 MPa. This gives a rivet spacing of 30,95 mm. To make sure inter rivet buckling does not occur, 30mm spacing is used. The failure stress will then be 97,3 MPa. So thats the value at which it fails. 97,3MPa/ (4/3) = 72,979 Mpa gives a tip force of 5321N at which inter rivet buckling will occur. Allowable tension stress in the lower skin The upper skin is not the only side that can fail, logically. Thus the lower skin has to be taken in to account as well. The lower skin is loaded in tension. The stress can be calculated using formula 7. The centroid lies, due to the stringers 13,1mm above the neutral axis. The point where the maximum stress will occur is closest to the root, since there the largest moment occurs. The maximum stress in the lower skin is then -(5000ÃÆ'-1500ÃÆ'-(74+13.1))/6770446 = 97,5968 MPa. Taking sweep into account this gives a value of (4/3)ÃÆ'-97,5968 = 130,1 MPa. This is way lower than the ultimate stress of aluminum (483 MPa). Clamping effects For the purpose of testing the wing box will be clamped at both sides as shown in figure 4. The wing box will be attacked to the test clamp structure through the use of bolts. This clamping has an effect on the overall loads experienced by the wing box structure (Yan, 1999) showing that the clamping the wing box helps the wing box experience lower loads. These clamping effects have been taken into account when considering maximum load calculations, through the form of change in KC. By selecting the appropriate KC for application, in this case a two side hinged and two side clamped, KC line 5 (Brà ¼gemann et al 2010, p28), clamping effects can be taken into account on the loads and further calculations, to accurately predict failure. Figure 4, showing a clamped wing box during testing Production plan Construction activities Weight estimates Knowing the weight estimate for an aircraft component is crucial in the design process since weight plays a crucial role in terms aircraft performance, mainly fuel consumption, range, endurance, load capacity and speed. A light but robust wing box is designed to withstand the maximum wing load. It is important that estimation of the weight of the wing box is accurate. According to design plans, the wing box consists of a total of 11 stringers, 12 stiffeners and 753 rivets. Since the wing box is shaped as a trapezoid, the stringers will have different lengths and therefore need to be calculated accordingly. Taking into account the geometrical property of a trapezoid, it can be deduced that the average length of the stringers can be found by summing the longest and shortest stringers and dividing it by two. Now knowing the shape of the stringer, we can estimate its weight by using the average length, width of 20mm and thickness 3mm(considering a à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ´ shaped stringers as a bar when folded). Since the stiffeners have same lengths, weight is relatively easy to calculate. To find the net gain/loss of the rivets and holes, we need to deduct the weight of sheet metal when drilled away for rivets and add the weight of rivets. And finally the weight of the sheet metal will be calculated. Cost estimates To have an accurate estimation of the wing box structure, three things need to be taken into account, how much aluminum was used in the metal plating, the price of stringers/stiffeners and how many rivets are used. Also, we need a small surplus of rivets in order to buffer the human error involved during the manufacturing procedure. In the wing box, 1,65m2 of aluminum sheet metal is needed, however, the metal sheet needs to be big enough so that the 2D design of wing box can be cut out. Therefore the appropriate sheet metal has the dimension of 2,5m X 1,25m and costs 53,19 euros (Metals4U). In the construction of a wing box, a total of 17029,5mm of stringer/stiffener was used. The price of 5000mm of stringer/stiffener is 12,57 euros (Metals4U). Because it is not possible to purchase less than 5000 mm of stringer/stiffener, four 5000mm stringer/stiffener needs to be purchased. This will in total cost 50,26 euros. 753 rivets are needed for the wing box. Because it is only possible to purchase rivets in bulk, 800 rivets will be bought for both practical reasons and as a buffer. One hundred 3mm diameter rivets cost 4,43 euros per 100 rivets (Rivets Aluminium 4.0 x 10 5985). For 800 rivets, the cost will be 35,44 euros. Excluding manual labor wages for the students, the total cost for manufacturing the groups wing box is 138,89 euros. Conclusion This report has discussed the design of a wing box. The objective of this report was to design a wing box that is able to withstand a tip load of 2,5kN without buckling, a tip load of 5,0kN without failure (buckling is allowed), with at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin. The design has to be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. From our calculations it was concluded that the final wing box will have 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate and 2 spar webs. The construction will be done through riveting, with a rivet spacing of 30mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. By calculating the weight of each individual part and adding them up altogether, the weight of the wing box could be calculated. The weight estimation showed a total weight of 5,98 kg. In a similar way, the cost estimation was done, showing a total cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 138,89 A production plan has been produced describing the list of activities to be performed by a team of 11 people. Bibliography Brugemann et all, V. (2010). AE1200 Project Manual Design and Construction. Delft. Loughlan, J. (1996, May). The buckling of composite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending. Elsevier, 35(1), 101-116. Lynch, C. (2004, October). The computational post buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in compression. Elsevier, 42(10), 1446-1464. Nagendra. (1994). Buckling and failure characteristics of compression-loaded stiffened composite panels with a hole. Elsevier, 28(1), 1-17. Wright, J., Cooper, J. (2007). Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and loads. John Wiley and Sons. List of figures Figure 4 Van den Bos, 2010, Tips and tricks for modelling a wing box

William Faulkner’s short novel, The Bear Essay -- Bear

William Faulkner’s short novel, The Bear "The Bear" is a short novel in an anthology that begins in Yoknapatwpha County sometime after the Civil War. The story deals with loyalty, honor, truth, bravery, courage, fear, nature, history and choices. Cleanth Brooks best described this story by saying, "Faulkner's villains do not respect nature and their fear of it has nothing in common with the fear of the Lord or with awe in the presence of the divine." (Brooks 149) In the story, we find a bear that has learned to outwit and survive hunters for years. It wasn't until they took a beast of the wild and tamed it before they could even come close to the bear. They took a beast of nature to kill a beast of nature for their own personal pleasure, for sport...a conversation piece. When looking into the history aspect of the story, think of human actions and how People make radical decisions that may affect the rest of their lives, or even the lives of others, not even giving a second thought to the consequences. This book deals with a radical decision made by one man that changed the lives of many. The author of this story, William Faulkner, was a white southern male born "September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi. He died July 6, 1962." (Compton's CD) Faulkner had a way with Christianity, but more with the nature of man. He believed that man was nature. We can see how this affects the story with the statement "It was of the men, not white nor black nor red but men, hunters, with the will and hardihood to endure and the humility and skill to survive..."(Faulkner 327) The story begins with Ike and C who are going on a hunting trip to try to catch Old Ben, t... ...ficient utilization of it, or when he ceases to love it and to carry on his contention with it in terms of some sort of code, then he not only risks destroying nature but risks bestializing his own nature. (270) This novel is a wonderful book to read for those who like nature and the wilderness. It is through nature that one can achieve their highest level of love for the world. Although it may be hard to get through a few of the chapters, once you truly understand the meaning of the book, it will stick in your heart forever. Work Cited Brooks, Cleanth. "On the prejudices, predilections, and firm beliefs of William Faulkner." [Baton Rouge] LSU Press, 1987. "Six great modern short novels." New York Dell, 1982. 328 Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner The Yoknapatawpha County. London Yale University Press, 1974

Human Resource Mangement Essay -- Personnel Management

Human Resource Mangement Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar. On the basis of your analysis identify the main HR challenges currently facing this organisation. Relate your analysis to appropriate literature. Introduction People are an important and expensive resource to a business. This asset has the capacity to be highly productive and generate revenue for the firm, but it also requires much attention and maintenance. When the direct costs of employment are added to the indirect costs of recruitment and selection, training and development, the organisation's investment in an average full-time employee can exceed  £100,000 in a short space of time. Therefore one of the fundamental factors is how to attract the right employee and retain their services, gaining efficiency throughout. Before answering the first part of the question â€Å"Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar†, the differences between HRM and the older style ‘Personnel Management’ requires defining. Human Resource Management HRM can be defined as any part of the management structure that relates to people at work. It involves everything from recruitment to training to performance appraisal and overall employee welfare. HRM is originally an American management term that has taken over from the more restrictive 'Personnel Management', and denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems. http://www.leavingcert.net/. Once considered a more peripheral activity, HRM has now moved to the core of the business. The author’s own perspective of this assignment is delivered from within the steel industry. An employee in middle management with a history of working from grass roots to Manufacturing Manager over a 10 year period within the Basic Oxygen Steel making plant (BOS). A plant where the iron from the Blast furnace iron is refined and then re-alloyed to be supplied at the correct time temperature and specification to the Continuously Cast plant (CONCAST) where semi-finished products are ... ...emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems as opposed to Personnel Management These philosophies are carried out by the first line management, which begs the question, â€Å"Have the lesser experienced plant personnel carried out a process that has inherently been carried out by trained professional HR managers and got the numbers wrong, furthermore, was it implemented correctly? Overall because of the reduction in numbers within the HR department, Plant managers and Line managers are now carrying out many tasks and the HR department have a significantly lesser role in the organisation. With no forecast of any change in philosophy and increase in expenditure then the situation is unlikely to change. The input of an active Trade Union and informed official needs to be considered, there is a definite need for both and the HRM department must ensure that a relationship continues. Bibliography: Human resource Management, A Contemporary Perspective, 2nd Edition, 1997. Ian Beardwell and Len Holden. Human Resource Management, ‘Rhetoric’ and Realities’. Karen Legge http://www.leavingcert.net/

Crash Film Critique

Mark Zelayaran English Honors 1A Mrs. Breckheimer. Crash a film critique The film â€Å"Crash† produced and directed by Paul Haggis is a compilation of clever vignettes all throughout the film and for most they undergo some change; however, for the change to occur the film shows the human side of certain characters. The film is a compilation of lives of various characters in a course of a day in the city of Los Angeles. Although racism, discrimination and prejudice is constantly used all throughout the film, Haggis does this bring the message across that â€Å"Stretches the boundaries†¦ becomes intensely moving†¦acknowledges..The intolerant are human†¦ rage fuels itself and redoubles† (Denby). Scott makes the argument that Crash is â€Å"full of heart and devoid of life†; however, Denby’s claims that Crash â€Å"Stretches the boundaries†¦ becomes intensely moving† and â€Å"acknowledges.. The intolerant are human†¦ rage fue ls itself and redoubles† are evident all throughout the film. The film starts off with two white police officers- Officer John Ryan and Officer Tom Hansen. Haggis has built the character Officer Ryan as an intolerant and angry individual who takes his rage out on others.A fine example of Officer Ryan’s rage fueling itself and redoubling would be when he called his father’s HMO, â€Å"I keep telling you my father is in pain†¦ What does my father do about sleeping tonight? I don’t know I’m not a doctor. I wanna talk to your supervisor. I am my supervisor. Yeah, what's your name? Shaniqua Johnson. Shaniqua, Big fucking surprise that is! † Shortly after, he pulls over an African American couple, Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer, and proceeds to search them, knowing that their car isn’t the one that’s been stolen.He proceeds to search the couple especially the wife in a crude manner. It’s clear to see in that scene tha t he has no regard for the people whom he holds his anger against. It is evident that what denby claims that â€Å"anger fuels itself and redoubles†. As Denby goes on to say, â€Å"The intolerant are also human, taking this in mind, this ideology can apply to Officer Ryan when his previous supervisor said â€Å"I’m anxious to understand how an obvious bigot could’ve through the department for seventeen years.Eleven of which he was under my personal supervision†, it is not beyond a reasonable doubt that officer Ryan experienced a moment of weakness and the need to take his rage upon others. On the other hand In the case of Officer Hansen, he is portrayed as a young police officer starting out his career in the force and following the lead of his senior officer; however, Officer Hansen tries to not become like his fellow officer Ryan. Boundaries are stretched and become intensely moving in the belief that Officer Hansen tries to hold to be true.A fine scen e to prove that â€Å"boundaries are stretched and becomes intensely moving† would be in when Officer Hansen lets Cameron Thayer off with a â€Å"harsh warning† even when Cameron Thayer was held at gun point and making threatening gestures towards the police officers. Haggis gives an insight of how the police department functions; therefore, he balances the film by giving the perspective of civilians. The film begins to transition to the black couple that was pulled over, Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer, were harassed by Officer Ryan.Cameron and Christine are victims of the rage from a police officer. Cameron is mostly affected by the harassment from Officer Ryan and as Christine would put it â€Å"When that man was putting his hands on me†¦ I can’t believe you let him do that, baby†¦ I was humiliated for you†¦I just couldn’t stand to see that man take away your dignity†. Cameron has been deeply affected by her words and begins l oathe himself and challenges the police to defend his dignity, and the only way Cameron can do this act is through rage being fueled within him and doubling.Cameron is chased by the Los Angeles police department, an act a man of his socioeconomic stature would never dream of doing, and after being cornered Cameron demands Anthony to leave his car and Anthony replies, â€Å"if you’re so brave why don’t you leave?! †. As Cameron steps out the car and faces the police officers he begins to say insults such as â€Å"Yeah that’s what you look like a fucking joke†. It is evident in this turn of events that Cameron’s rage for himself doubles and begins to take it out on others.The boundaries of law and order are stretched are when Officer Hansen lets him go with a â€Å"harsh warning†, and not turning over Anthony to the police when he had an opportunity to. Towards the end when Cameron tells Anthony â€Å"you embarrass me, you embarrass yo urself†, Cameron realizes that although Anthony tried to car jack him, Anthony is still human and is living a life that is a mistake. Although Cameron’s rage for himself doubled and was only fueled by itself, at the end Cameron choose to stretch the boundaries and proving that intolerant indeed are human through his actions of letting go of Anthony.The film tries to show a somewhat humorous side of the racism, prejudice, and stereotypes that Haggis creates, and it’s done through Anthony. Anthony blames his position in society due to the upper class keeping him there, while Peter simply tries to laugh it off and doesn’t see it that way. The issue between these two characters is the issue of anger. Because once again Denby proves that â€Å"rage fuels itself and redoubles†, when Anthony and Peter are walking down the street and see a white couple [Rick Cabot and Jean Cabot] and as soon as Jean notices both Anthony and peter [his partner in crime], she grabs her husband’s arm.Of course Anthony would notice this and begins to complain, â€Å"Look around! You couldn't find a whiter, safer or better lit part of this city. But this white woman sees two black guys, who look like UCLA students, strolling down the sidewalk and her reaction is blind fear. I mean, look at us! Are we dressed like gang-bangers? Huh? No. Do we look threatening? No. Fact, if anybody should be scared around here, it's us: We're the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people, patrolled by the triggerhappy LAPD.So you tell me, why aren't we scared? â€Å" Anthony’s claim is justified in his eyes and begins to use that same hate against society towards the white couple. The rage and contempt Anthony has for society is taken out on this white couple who represent everything Anthony hates and wishes to overcome. Anthony is filled with rage because of his position in society and he stretches boundaries because of this. A fine example of Anthony stretching boundaries and being intensely moving would be when Anthony encounters Cameron.Anthony even claimed he would never rob from another black man, but he went back on his word thus stretching his own boundary when he attempted to rob him. When the Cameron tells Anthony â€Å"you embarrass me, you embarrass yourself†, in this moving statement Anthony finally takes the bus shortly afterwards once again stretching his own boundaries again, even after claiming he would never take a bus. Haggis puts not only Anthony but other characters through extremes to show the human side of these characters and make them beyond the typecast that some would assume them to be.Haggis puts certain characters through an extreme ordeal and once that character overcomes that ordeal, he or she therefore goes through a transformation. Scott would claim these transformations are â€Å"full heart and devoid of life†; however, the transformations certain characters go through is a necessity to show that the characters are real people. Such as the case of Officer Ryan, his transformation or rather his realization occurred when he saved Christine from a car that was about to explode. As Christine screamed â€Å" Get away from me! Stay away from me!†¦ Don’t touch me!Somebody anybody else, Not you! † it is clear on Officer Ryan’s face that he realizes what he did was on a larger scale than he previously thought. Or even in the case of Anthony after he refused all throughout the film to even take a bus, needless to say, Anthony did end up taking the bus back home after Cameron gave him those intense words. Even in the case of Cameron when he had to challenge the Los Angeles police department to prove himself and attempted to gain back his dignity through means of rage; however, it wasn’t until after he realized his actions and gave those words to Anthony.All in all, transformations, some more extreme than others, a re a necessity in Crash because it shows a human side to the intolerant. All throughout the film it shows characters that are full of emotion and personality; however, to claim to be â€Å"full of heart and devoid of life†(Scott) is a shortcoming, at best. The film is compiled in a way that the lives of twelve characters or so are compiled into one day of interactions and obstacles. To be full of heart means to be full of tugs at heartstrings or other words dramatic, and to be devoid of life is the characters do not portray real people.Scotts claim is presumptuous because if one were to look at the film closely it jumps around characters. Crash takes place in a period of one day in Los Angeles and it is not beyond a reasonable doubt that prejudice, racism, and discrimination all take place every day. Also, one must also take into consideration that Crash contains characters with real and moving personalities and is intensely moving, and without characters to connect to the fi lm would not be moving. As Officer Ryan, Anthony, and Cameron all show the trials and tribulations some may face. In reality, what Scott claims to be â€Å"full of eart and devoid of life† is invalid because he is making a quick judgment of how the characters face the obstacles and never takes into consideration of how much time has passed. In conclusion, Denby’s claims are evident because it shows a human side to the intolerant in the film and also proving that rage only fuels itself and doubles. Haggis uses typecasts to his advantage in proving Denby correct that Crash â€Å"Stretches the boundaries†¦ becomes intensely moving† and â€Å"acknowledges.. The intolerant are human†¦ rage fuels itself and redoubles†. The characters may fall into typecasts but don’t completely succumb to them.As in the case for Officer Ryan, Cameron, and Anthony all go through transformations of extreme means proving that the intolerant are human and rage does fuel itself and doubles. However, this transformation can only be done by stretching boundaries and becoming intensely moving. Scott is disproven because of the fact that all these twelve or so characters are put together through a course of one day; therefore, extreme sides of each are seen one or twice a day. All in all, Crash is a film of racism, transformation, prejudice, stretching boundaries, and acknowledging that the intolerant are human.

Brief History of the English Language

Brief History of the English Language OLD ENGLISH 5th Century —three Germanic tribes —-the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes arrived in the British Isles. The Angles were named from ENGLE, their land of origin. Their language was called ENGLISC from which the word, English is derived. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes became known as the Anglo-Saxons. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes became known as the Anglo-Saxons. Some words such as church, bishop, baptism, monk, eucharis, and presbyter came indirectly through Latin and Greek.The VIKINGS, also known as Norsemen, invaded England by the 8th century , which in turn, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence. MIDDLE ENGLISH When William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England, he became its king. French became the language of the court, administration, and culture. It was the language used in schools. The English language became mostly the language of the uneducated classes and was considered a vulgar tongue. Similar article: Failure in English LanguageMost of the English words rooted in French are words that have something to do with power, such as crown, castle, parliament, army, mansion, gown, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor, and governor. MODERN ENGLISH Modern English developed after Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany around 1450 and William Caxton established England’s first printing press at Westminster abbey in 1476.Printing also brought standardization of English. Between the 18th to 20th centuries, the English language continued to change as the British Empire moved across the world—- to the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia, and Africa. American and British variants are the INTERNATIONALLY accepted variants of the English language. Differences of AE and BE Spelling center—– centre program— programme color—— colour

Moral Dilemmas in Nursing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moral Dilemmas in Nursing - Coursework Example The dilemma assumes that the chooser will be guided by societal norms, codes, laws or religious teachings to make the choice ethically impossible. Ethical dilemmas are usually unpredictable, unforeseen and multidimensional which requires extraordinary measures. Medics usually face ethical dilemmas, for instance saving either a mother or unborn child in a delivery room.For nurses to be ethical, they must be just, autonomous, beneficent, veracious and have respect for other people's personalities and characters. Need, care and safety of the patients must always top the nurses’ priority list. The qualities of justice and fairness must be cultivated at all times and evil, or harm infliction must never cross a nurse’s mind. Health workers must always respect the patients’ decision since they have autonomy to make such decisions. However, many times, this becomes extremely difficult especially when a patient’s beliefs and values conflicts with the nurses’ , the latter has to be competent to solve the predicament. For instance, a patient may refuse to undergo a life-saving procedure or medication that the nurse sees necessary, a nurse withholding treatment on professional grounds may go against beneficence and disregard to a patient’s wishes. Violation of autonomy occurs in cases such as preventive suicide, maintenance of professional integrity and protection of third parties. Nurses at times violate patients’ privacy and confidentiality.

Is Realism realistic as an approach to understanding contemporary Essay

Is Realism realistic as an approach to understanding contemporary global politics - Essay Example Neo-realism ideologies however suggest that the states may not be entirely in control as there is a layer above the states which may be dominating in terms of defining the overall behavior of states at the global level. neo-realism therefore differs quite significantly from the realism as it views the states and the overall global political order as a system based upon complex relationships. As per the system thinking, states may not be entirely in charge of determining their own behavior and moves. Though realism may seem a realistic approach theoretically but it may not be entirely a realistic approach in terms of implementing the same. Issues such as globalization, changing economic preferences, dominance of terrorist and other pressure groups as well as the influence of super powers may be some of the key issues which may not allow States to actually design and develop strategies based on their own self interest. The first part of the essay will discuss the theoretical background about the realism and neo-realism whereas in the second part of this essay, it will be argued as to whether the realism remains one of the realistic approaches to deal with the issues of contemporary global politics. Realism – A General Introduction Realism is one of the most important concepts with wide ranging applications both in international relations and politics. Political realism outlines that national interests are always above any other moral obligations. Realism therefore outlines the need for nation-state and suggests that nation-states are motivated by the national interests of the states and these interests are often disguised in the moral concerns for the nation-states. Realism is an opposite of liberalism which advocates the use of cooperation in the international relations. Realists however, on the other hand believe that the principal actors in international arena are the states themselves wh ich decide based on their own interests and other considerations. There is therefore an inherent dichotomy within realism which outlines that the politics at the domestic level must be governed by the rule of law and ethics however, at the international level it must not be engaged into any ethical considerations and therefore should only focus on its self-interests while dealing at the global level. (Harrison, 2002) It is also however, important to note that the classical realism does not actually discard the ethics entirely within international politics. As such realism therefore is not entirely based upon the Machiavellian notion of everything is fair in the interest of the State. Realism is also not inclined towards any conflict or War Between the States however, it only points out to the assumption that the international relationships between the states should be based upon securing the interests of the state first. However, the ability to secure the interests of the State firs t largely depends upon the ability of the State to have power both in terms of economic as well as military. If the State cannot have sufficient economic and military power, it is unlikely to secure or safeguard its interests in the international politics. It is therefore important to understand that realism or classical realism as it is often referred to gives preferences to national interest