Mobile Computing and Social Networking Essay Example for Free

energetic Computing and Social Networking Essay1IntroductionTiny, portable doohickeys, such as pocket digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones have been in the recent years pushed on the mark. Mobile or ubiquitous reason and handy gadgets are changing the relations mingled with computers and humans.there is an introduction of a bracing intercourse approach based on context. This approach enables people to interact with computers, objects and environments seamlessly. Mobile calculation devices have enabled composite cooperation and communication patterns that were non dreamt of in the past years. They possess vital features in portability, ability to share information using communication networks wireless, and synchronizing the information with separate exchangeable gadgets. There have drastic changes in the technological landscape in the past years led by the emergence of mobile computing devices stress on consumer preferences.The rapid increase in use of mobile c omputing gadgets is nowadays noticeable in the medical or healthcare sedulousness. The healthcare industry has never been a frontrunner in terms of Information Technology and computing in relation to caring for patients and clinical trials. Health care providers are adopting untried and innovative ways using mobile computing platforms to support patient care. Thus through a constant drive to find a new method of improving the quality of patients lives, the health care industry has benefited. This has seen the enormous growth of wearable portable systems, observe the patients bods for vital signs. This theme focuses in assessing the concept of monitoring patients using mobile computing gadgets transmitting using wireless technology. It also assesses the use of amicable networks to group support for patients with same medical conditions. 2Monitoring patients using wearable, mobile gadgets2.1conceptsMobile health monitoring systems have come handy in helping people to engage cl osely in their throw health care. This technology involves the integration of a biosensor which monitors vital signs (such as heart rate, BP, temperature and other health-related information), environmental sensors, and a location sensor into a wearable wireless network. This allows an enduring, unobtrusive monitoring with immediate feedback to the patient or physician about the current status and a real time update of the users health data. The data makes up the EPR (electronic patient record), which allows the health status data of the patient to be accessed using many devices and heterogeneous networks.Mobile computing application in medicine allows access to EPR for consolidated information on patients from any location within the network. This advancement has brought about many benefits to the medical industry. However, it does not make a substitute for the direct eye to eye meeting between patient and the doctor due to the various setbacks it suffers. 2.2Advantages of using mobile computing to monitor patients Monitoring patients using wearable, mobile devices has a lot of merits as compared to the traditional inpatient visit by the patient. These include2.2.1Patient participation in their own health careThis technology allows the healthcare providers to be close and interact to a greater extent with patients. This grows the sense of ownership amongst patients and their relatives as they tend to take in more information and interact with it. This interaction provides the clinician an improved access to information thus stellar(a) to a better diagnosis. The resultant is a sense of ownership in the patients leading to high rates of diagnosis acceptance and following of post-diagnosis orders. 2.2.2Easier and quicker visibility of the patients condition The physician does not have to waitress for laboratory results to be sent or telemetry to be done. The mobile computing devices allows for real time viewing of information. 2.2.3Increase in efficiency of healthcareThe provider does not have to move from machine to machine, one room to the other seeking the patients data. Updated data can be accessed from the electronic patient records in real time by the wearable monitoring devices. This leads to swift and accurate decision making concerning patients issues since it relies on accurate data.2.2.4CostThe development of these mobile devices can be realized within modest charges compared to specialty systems. The maintenance of these small but essential devices is also low compared to the specialty systems. This pulls down the cost of running mobile-computing monitoring devices. 2.3Disadvantages of using mobile computing to monitor patients Monitoring patients using mobile computing powered devices also suffer some setbacks.2.3.1Health hazardThe issue of radiations stock-still is unclear posing uncertainties on its application. The health care industry players have not agreed on the standards of these devices.2.3.2Technical stressIts application may bring more technical emphasis which can result in a stress issue to patients and medics (Brahnam Jain, 2010). The patients data has to be stored securely. This is often a challenge because the users of these devices may be unequipped with the necessary level of expertise to perform the encryption tasks. However, security is a point of concern in the application of these gadgets. An effective protocol or security measure should be used to ensure heavy security to the data accessed through them.This entails an implementation of strong access protocols at both the gadget and the network levels. Appropriate encryption measures should also be implemented to safeguard against unauthorized access of the information stored in the device, in case it lands in the equipment casualty hands due to theft. However, these devices should be designed only to allow viewing of sensitive data locally on the mobile computing device sooner than storing it.2.4Use of social network to grou p support for patientsOnline health social networking sites give patients the privilege to obtain and disclose information on some health condition without disclosing their identities (Turban Volonino, 2011). Support groups help patients to cope with the various conditions by providing social support and network of information to its members. Patients educate each other on the conditions and treatments using the social network. This often impacts the old doctor-patient relationship, and could develop a foundation for a foodstuff driven system where clients can make choices. Health oriented social networks are extremely beneficial to patients they provide an instrumental support by providing stress relieving services, financial assistance, advice and willingness to help. It offers nurturing support aiming at comforting stressed patients without necessarily solving the problems leading to the stress by making the patient feel cared.3ConclusionThe application of technology in the hea lth industry has come a long way. Its adoption in the monitoring of patients has been extremely beneficial to both patients and doctors. However, there still concerns over the security of the many sensitive data passed on from one point to the other by these mobile devices. Improved security measures should be enacted, to ensure that the patients data is safe from external access since it may incriminate the secrecy right of the patient. Health care oriented social network has been much of a platform where patients share their experiences. The healthcare providers get to acquaint themselves of the patients experiences and also market their services by engaging directly with the patients. *4.0ReferencesBrahnam, S., Jain, L. C. (2010). Advanced Computational Intelligence Paradigms in Healthcare 5 Intelligent Decision Support Systems. Berlin, Germany Springer. Shahriyar, R., Bari, F., Kundu, G., Ahamed, S., Akbar, M.(2009). Intelligent Mobile Health Monitoring System (IMHMS). In P.k ostkova (Eds..), Electronic Healthcare Second International ICST Conference, EHealth 2009 Istanbul, Turkey, September 2009 Revised Selected Papers (pp. 5-12). Berlin, Germany Springer. Tan, J., (2005). EHealth Care Information Systems An Introduction for Students and Professionals. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons. Turban, E., Volonino, L. (2011). Information Technology for management Improving strategic and operational performance (8th ed.). Hoboken NJ John Wiley Sons.

Learning and Development Assignment Sheet Essay Example for Free

Learning and Development Assignment Sheet Essay1. Be able to create an environs conducive to learning.2. Be able to plan and support learning and using programme operation to individuals and groups.3. Know how to review learning and development activitiesAll activities should be completedActivity 1Devise a plan, with clear aims and learning outcomes, for a work related learning and development activity/session, lasting approximately 30 minutes. Along with your plan, provide an explanation of how the aforethought(ip) activity invents principles of adult learning and takes account of factors (at least 2 individual and 2 environmental) that can impact on learning meets an identified needis establish on available resourcesincludes appropriate assessment methodsis structured and sequenced to assist learning. Activity 2Deliver the planned activity, demonstrating your ability to manage a learning and development activitysupport learners via questioning and feedback use 1 formative and 1 summative assessment methodsummarise and conclude the learning and development activity assist learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs collect feedback from role players.This activity should be observed and assessed by your tutor using the link Observation Record.Activity 3Write a reflective statement relating to Activity 2 in which you consider how you created a positive learning environmentthe feedback on your activity from learner participantsyour own perceptions of the effectiveness of the activityat least 2 recommendations to improve your future performance.Activity 1A be after for a learning and development activity/session. (Note The Plan can be the one developed for UNIT 3PDL, providing it also meets the requirements of this unit.) An accompanying explanation (of approximately viosterol words).Activity 2Observation RecordActivity 3A Reflective Statement of approximately 1000 wordsObservation CriteriaAssessor feedback to be completed by th e assessor with notes to support the decisionCreates an environment that is positive conducive to learning e.g. health safety room layout welcome accommodates needs puts participant at ease builds rapportStructures sequences effectively for learninge.g. introduction main body conclusionProvides clear aims / learning outcomesManages learning activityeffectively uses a range of appropriate training skills uses learning resources appropriately and effectively supports learners via questioning and feedback uses appropriate formative summative assessment methods summarises and concludes the learning and development activity assists learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs collects feedback from participants

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Blade moon curser EssayFrankenstein and blade runner essay Which text do you feel better represents the values of the composer? You must refer to both texts in detail Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner are twain texts from different centuries, nevertheless they both share the same values, themes and issues including the natural world, scientific advancement, morality of manhood and responsibility. Both texts role a variety of techniques to represent their values, themes and issues. The techniques apply in both texts are reflective of their context and are able to strongly represent the values of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein was written in 1818. This was a period where romanticism was developing, a time which focuse on the sublimity of nature and on the individual. This theme is spare throughout the novel and is used to emphasise the emotions of the characters and to suggest the power of nature for b oth beauty and destruction. Shelley often uses the sublimity of nature as an invigorating device for victor, when happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with ecstasy.The present season was indeed divine the flowers of spring bloomed in the hedges, go those of summer were already in bud. Vivid imagery is used here to illuminate the peacefulness and contemplation of the sublime nature that is constantly surrounding victor. Shelley has in addition illustrated this notion further by the use of alliteration, serene sky, to capture how perfect the world is at that time, which reinforces the peacefulness of nature and how victor feels when he is meet by the natural world. Ridley Scotts Blade Runner is set in a corrupted 21st century world.Similarly to Frankenstein, the natural world is evident but in Blade Runner it is bewitchn as the unnatural world. In the first panoramic surmisal, the audie nce sees a destroyed world, a dark industrial urban wasteland which is heavily polluted. Visual irony is created here as it is meant to be Los Angeles, which means city of angels, but we see that it looks more like hell. We see that nature has been destroyed. Animals are rare and are presumed extinct, although the unicorn is seen as a natural creature in a natural setting.The unicorn symbolises the ambiguity of hope, freedom and spirit. There is no sign of any trees or plants except for a miniature Bonsai tree symbolising mans inherent desire to control nature to conform to what humanity believes is a better version. We also see constant darkness and rain, which is known as require noir and are the only aspects the audience sees when in an outside scene. The panoramic shot and film noir speculate the natural is now off world, that there is nothing natural, which creates a post apocalyptic tone.Shelleys world was moving forward into the counselling of industrialisation, exploration and scientific research. This is conveyed through characters such as overlord, Walton and Clerval who are all searching, exploring and attempting to make a discovery. We see in the start of the book Victor has an fire for natural philosophy, natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate. The use of personification suggests that natural philosophy is a person that Victor idolises and wants to know everything he perhaps tooshie about it causing his interest to turn into an obsession. i became dizzy with immensity of the prospect which it illustrated, as surprised, that among so many men of genius who had say their enquiries towards the same science, that i alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret. This quote establishes that Victor is intelligent and is able to intellectually block up barriers beyond those that have ever been broken and discover the source of life. Hence, now being able to create his monster. Similarly in Scotts film we see t hat 21st century L.A is all about scientific activity and advancements in technology. It is a world based on commerce, as we can see throughout the entire film through the blimp that promotes going off world and big wall signs i. e. the Asian lady taking pills. engineering is also used to detect what is and isnt human i. e. the Voight Komph test. Disembodied voices are used on the street i. e. when crossing roads it says walk and dont walk. All these aspects of technology are a way of controlling the population of L. A.Scientific activity is seen through Tyrell, a scientist, who is the creator of all replicant things i. e. humans and animals. Commerce is our goal here and our motto is more human than human, this quote was said by Tyrell and reflects on Tyrells attitude towards life. He takes the role of God, creating life trying to make the replicants smarter and stronger than real humans, feeling as though he is dominant over everyone else in the world. This is shown through upwar ds tilt of the tv camera on Tyrells building, making him appear larger and above everybody else.Victor Frankenstein does not truly contemplate of foresee the consequences of his scientific quest to create life, nor does he take the moral responsibility for his creation afterwards. Victor continually justifies why he refuses to take responsibility for his creation, which is solely because he doesnt want to imply himself and be punished, although he stated a new species would bless me as its create and source many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. This shows Victors lack of morality and reveals his ego through the use of unreliable narrator. Scotts film raises concerns of scientific advancements and its lack of morality and responsibility for those it affects. Blade Runner represents its values through ambiguity. Blade Runner leaves it up to the viewers own judgement of morality and responsibility within the film. An example of this is through the use of cinem atography in the scene where Deckard retires Zhora. Passersby walk past without showing any concern or emotion to what has happened.The lack of morality and responsibility arouses deep emotions of ire and dislike. Scott is not as assertive in representing his values as Shelley is. Through the use of camera shots, cinematography and irony he easily represents his values but through the use of ambiguity he leaves things for interpretation from the viewers. Due to the ambiguity present in Blade Runner, some viewers may be futile to identify the values that are present, so therefore the values stated in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein are better represented.

Emergent Strategy Development and Resource Allocation Process

Emergent Strategy Development and Resource Allocation ProcessThe fear environment is subjected to rapid changes and in such scenarios systems must change additively and adapt scheme on the basis of organisational learning quite than planning fore (Campbell et al., 2002). Emergent strategy emerges over time. Barney Hesterley 2010 suggest that emergent strategy is very important for entrepreneurial strongs due to the high uncertainty and high unpredictably of the backing conditions.According to Johnson et al., 2008, emergent strategy can be developed done and through four ways.Logical IncrementalismAccording to Quinn, Logical incrementalism is the development of strategy by experiment and learning from stopial commitments rather than through spheric formulation of total strategies. Dynamic changes be required to respond to the unexpected changes in the environment rather than planning the strategic direction well ahead (Johnson et al., 2005).Resource Allocation routinesRe source allocation and care has become a vital component of the bulletproofs, since good allocation of preferences eases the operations of the firm and also helps in completing their projects within the specified deadline. According to Barney Hesterley 2010, the organizational burnish and ritual in a firm that would direct all the employees in the organization to define their jobs in competitive and fiscal terms leads to gain sustainable competitive advantage. As an example, Honda was able to dole out their Supercub motorcycles in the American commercialize through their effective resource allocation process.Cultural ProcessesThe culture within the organization plays an imperative role in the incremental strategy development if it is harmonized with the environmental changes. Incompetent organizational culture may act as a barrier for a firm to exert their strategic directions in line with the environmental changes (Johnson et al., 2005). According to Pearce Robinson 2009, the entity of todays orbiculate firms is that organizational culture should be acquainted with cultural diversity. Managing the relationship between strategy and culture in the firm is significant for the favored implementation of the strategy. organizational politicsThe Political observation of strategy development is that strategies develop as a get out of processes of haggling and negotiation among the influential stakeholders of the firm. Political action is often perceived as an inevitable fragment of the strategy development process in an organization (Johnson et al., 2005).To conclude, although the process of emergent strategy development lags sufficient planning since it arises over time, it could be significant for organizations operating in a changing origin environment. employ the website of a large organization find its organizational chart. Explain why the organization is structured in the way illustrated.Procter and encounter (PG) is the worlds biggest maker of c onsumer products and is well cognize for their innovation. Over the long time PG has considered organizational structure as an essential part of their growth. The brand portfolio is immense (Appendix 1). The decision making at the top management take aim is made by the board of directors. Each office staffal operations of the PG group are discretely controlled by their relevant management.In the early 90s, PG was structured in the forms of global matrix structure to meet the consumer demands in each region as shown in Figure 1.This structure allowed the company to create global technical units in distinct regions each with a core competency in a particular family line of products. The global category Presidents, RD department and VPs developed the product category stage technologies that could be functional for global branding strategies. The creation of influential and self-governing global functions endorsed the improvement in knowledge levels, transfer of best practices and annihilation of intraregional redundancies. The matrix structure proved to be a massive advantage for PG since it combined the manufacturing, purchasing, trading and distributing into a single global supply chain (Piskorski Spadini, 2007).Figure1 Procter Gamble Organizational Structure in 1990s(Source Grant, 2010, pp.616)Although strong regional functions provided enormous competitive advantages, the matrix structure was never symmetrical in PG. Each function centeringed more on their own strategic program and development in the company rather than combining with other functional units to develop the companys bureau in the market place. With problems in their structure and plans for further diversification, PG carried out a six year restructuring plan through which they restructured from global matrix structure to global business units (GBU). The current organizational structure of PG is shown below in Figure 2.Figure 2 Current Organizational Structure of PG(Source Procter Gamb le)The purpose of each level in the current structure is given in Appendix 2. The primary focus of the global business units is on the product and market development and the focus of the Presidents in GBUs is to standardize the manufacturing process and to simplify the brand portfolio. For example GBU for Baby care division proposed a plan to reduce the several numbers of diaper-manufacturing processes into a single standard process (Grant, 2010).This structure increased dexterity and decreased costs through accelerated standards of manufacturing processes and better coordination of promotional movements across countries (Piskorski Spadini, 2007).The organization is ample and they are diversified across the globe with a massive brand portfolio. With product specialization and marketing being their main focus and being made in the followed structure for more than a decade, global business units proves to be the suitable structure for PG.Four Tenets of Organizational LearningLearni ng is an integral part of an organization and it can lead to strategic directions and decisions. Organizational learning is closely related to the logical approach of strategy and firms must persistently learn around themselves and their operating environment (Campbell et al., 2002). According to Johnson et al., 2008, structure and culture of an organization contributes widely towards organizational learning formal structures might stifle the organizational learning.Managers would be vie a less directive and a more facilitative role. Each individual in the organization might specialize in certain skills. Organizational performance will improve only when the individual knowledge gets transferred into organizational knowledge. Managers are completely responsible for the sharing of knowledge in the organization through knowledge management skills (Campbell et al., 2002).Managers can arrange knowledge transfer sessions on a customary basis in order to improve the core competencies of employees and in that respectby contributing to organizational learning. They can also emphasize the importance of knowledge sharing and how it might impact on the performance of organizations among the employees.Information flows and relationships between stack should happen both horizontally and vertically. Organizations should posses a culture in which the communication and sharing of knowledge between the employees among all the levels is encouraged. The management should persuade sharing of info and knowledge among the organization, so that all employees become susceptible to the changes happening around them and contribute towards organizational objectives (Johnson et al., 2008).Organizations are pluralistic, in which even distinct and divergent ideas are welcomed and surfaced. In pluralistic settings different ideas emerges from different level of people in the organization. Although being pluralistic might provide an advantage in learning for some(prenominal) organizatio ns, it is very risky for an organization to be pluralistic since it might deceive knowledge.Experimentation is the norm, trying out new ideas might become an important part of the learning process. For example Wipro Technologies, one of the leading software companies in India tried developing a corporate extensive knowledge management system called KNET through which employees can track, access, exploit and produce knowledge. Although they were not using KNET widely in the initial years, it proved to be very valuable in the recent years of their success. Following the success of KNET, Wipro has developed the same portal system for Microsoft, one of the major clients of Wipro (Wipro, 2010).Organizational learning could be a crucial factor for the companies in gaining advantage in the near future. All the four tenets could be critical in organizations where emergent strategy is considered as a primary source of strategy development.Does structure follow strategy or does strategy follo w structure?Organizations seek new strategies for the reason that they offer new opportunities and potential advantages. Before implementing the strategy, a variety of factors needs to be considered because it involves change and risk. The link between structure and strategy is an important aspect to be considered before implementing the strategy. Structure of an organization is a vital factor since the change in corporate strategy might require some sort of change in the manner a firm is structured and in the type of proficiency required in specific positions of the firm (Wheelen Hunger, 2008). According to Thomson Martin 2008, although structures are designed primarily and changed later to fit the mean strategies of an organization, the daily activities and behaviors of people within the structure might lead to significant emergent strategies.A traditional study conducted by Chandler concludes that structure follows strategy aft(prenominal) he analyzed the changes in some larg e U.S. corporations. For example, in the periods of First World War DuPont an explosive company diversified its product range. Research shows that their business failed since they followed the same centralized organizational structure even after diversifying their product range. When they realized the problem, they shifted to decentralized structure since it was congruent with their chosen diversification strategy (Chandler, 1962).In the case of DuPont, the problem was with the structure and if their structure was congruent with their strategy, they would not have faced the problem. Similarly General Motors (GM) also shifted from centralized to decentralized multidivisional structure in 1920s and they found it to be intensely effective in permitting the freedom for product development to each division.Strategy can also follow structure. Although there is no empirical research conducted on structure directing to strategy, many authors support this fact. Although Chandler inscribes th at structure follows strategy he has also told that due to the structural changes in GM, brilliant strategies were framed in the making and snitching of their products (Hall and Saias, 1980).To conclude, although it is not erroneous to say that structure follows strategy since it is true in most of the cases, proficient organizational structure may also lead to the formation of new strategies. It might depend upon the type of the industry, markets and environments the firms are operating with.Give an example of an organization where resource allocation process (RAP) form part of strategy development.Resource Allocation Process (RAP)RAP is a composite and subtle process which occurs on a daily basis in all organizations. If RAP is not prioritized and linked with the intend strategy of an organization, it might create a disparity between the mean and actual strategy of the organization. In large diversified organizations, the centre plays a vital role in allocating the resources amo ng the diverse strategies proposed by their divisional units. Even miserable companies operate in the same mechanism but on an informal basis (Lynch, 2009).Both emergent and intended strategic ideas can be filtered through RAP as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1(Source Christensen Donovan, 2000)Honda at American MarketsDuring the post world war era, Honda was the supplier of small Supercub motorcycles in the Nipponese market. Following the success in the Japanese market, Honda thought of entering the North American market by manufacturing large over the road bikes, since it was suited for American markets. It sent three of its employees to LosAngels to launch the endeavor. But Hondas large bikes were unsuccessful in American markets. After experiencing the market conditions in America, the three employees proposed a plan to sell their small Supercub motorcycles in the American market since they received an informal order for sport bikes from the buyer for the sports equipment of Sears. But the top management filtered their ideas since their strategy in American market were to sell large over the road bikes. After further failure in selling the large bikes, the management considered the plan and the results were surprising. Honda became a successful company in selling its Supercub in the American market (Henry, 2008).RAP in HondaAfter this experience Honda approached things in a different manner. As manufacturing leger increased, they planned for some price reduction strategies through appropriate RAP. They became the market leader and competitors were unable to compete with Honda. In terms of the Figure 1, Honda entered American market with an intended strategy and immediately after that although it got emergent inputs such as Sears buyers request of their Supercub, companys RAP filtered out those inputs, since it was not matching with its strategy. Once they persuaded corporate management to change the filter in the RAP, the constituents of winning strategy eme rged.Thus, RAP played a vital role in the formation of emergent strategies and in achieving the intended strategies for Hondas success in the US motorcycle industry.

Biodiversity Of Punjab Shiwaliks Environmental Sciences Essay

Biodiversity Of Punjab Shiwaliks Environmental Sciences EssayThere is an increasing aw arness that biodiversity is not only intimately interconnected with long confines health and vigor of the biosphere as an indicator of global environment but also as a regulator of ecosystem functioning. Tropical communities argon often worsened susceptible to outrage of biological diversity than temperate communities beca design tropical species are occur in lower densities and are less widely distributed and often bedevil weaker dispersal capabilities. Increasing human intervention and excessive exploitation of resources have resulted in great changes and earmark alarming signals of accelerated biodiversity loss. The conventional species level sexual climax for biodiversity management has major limitations. A major change in the understanding the priorities of biodiversity conservation and management has resulted in a policy shift from conservation of angiotensin-converting enzyme species t o their habitats through interactive network of species at landscape level is considered great (Orians, 1993 Edward et al., 1994).Biodiversity lavatory be represented at miscellaneous levels of organization, like completelyeles or geno graphic symbols inside a population, species or ecosystem across a landscape or even a planet. There is a growing need for better understanding of the biodiversity dispersal pattern vis--vis human interventions. India have very varied environmental conditions and are among the countries with juicy biodiversity. The flowering plants, which impart maximum direct benefit to mankind, comprise active 19395 taxa, which is about 7% of the described species in the world (Karthikeyan, 2000). The vast str etc.es of coastal belt in south and high mountains species of Himalayas in the north provide a complex environmental set up or niches for plant and animals. It has resulted in the formation micro-endemic centres of plants in the country. The great heig hts and complex terrain of the Himalayan division, which change frequently, provide endless microclimatic conditions suitable to the species to grow and evolve. The Himalayas have more than 5 micro-endemic centres. Shiwalik ranges are one such(prenominal) mirco-endemic centre. About 125 wild relatives of crop plants have been report in the western Himalayas and Shiwaliks ranges are part of these. These ranges are among the lateest hills in the world and are active as puff up as fragile. Shiwalik hills of Punjab assert have privileged biological diversity and act as major natural green belt of the state. The state is well known for agricultural produce and industries. But the degradational exertion coupled with the destruction of forests in the distinguish of developmental activities has altered the natural landscape of the region to a great extent. It is facing threat for its very beingness again from mankind in the name development. Because of these increased anthropogenic activities, as a result of population explosion and change in land use practices, the natural landscape has been modified which has resulted in fragmentation of forests with poor species composition. Hence the resulting landscape mosaic is a mixture of natural and human managed patches that vary in size, shape and arrangement. Now it is realized that we must move from the conservation of single species to scales beyond individual sites and levels of organization. Understanding landscape spatial pattern is important since it contains all told levels of the biological hierarchy, from ecosystems to species and genes, which are targeted for biodiversity conservation.Remote percept technology is being widely apply world over for the quick assessment of the Earth resources. Because it being a cost effective and repetitive in nature with synoptic coverages technology, has endless application potentials. The technology assumes significance in terms of conservation of natural resources a s it provides birds eye view of the ecosystems or landscapes or regions and their status, because conservation is now not limited to a plant or species but much beyond that. plant life is composed of several communities and these communities may occur in patches of small to large size and in discordant shapes. Vegetation composition of these patches is governed by several environmental factors, and there exists a relationship of the biological richness with area of the forest and the influence of biotic factors. Ecologists have established the relationship among these environmental and biotic factors with the biodiversity. Patches can be characterized based on their size, shape, location, area etc. in through geospatial modeling in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Thus various factors can be simultaneously considered and processed in GIS.In this report, vegetation font map derived from satellite info was considered as prime input for landscape ecological synopsis of forest ecosystem. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to derive landscape indices such as fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, patch density, interspersion and juxtaposition, which depict landscape characteristics. These indices were integrated with biotic pressure zonas to depict disturbance gradient in the study area. Phytosociological entropy collected from field sampling was analyzed to derive species richness, biodiversity value and ecosystem uniqueness of various forest types. Ancillary databases such as proximity from the roads/villages, terrain complexness etc. were derived in GIS domain. All above inputs were integrated in systematic behavior by assigning relevant weightages to derive maps showing disturbance gradient and biological richness. The resultant maps highlight areas that are biologically rich.2. Study field of honor2.1 somatogenetic Climatic StatusThe study was carried out in the Shiwalik hills of Punjab state having geographical area of 9448.97 km2 and si tuated in north western part of the state. It lies between analogue 30o 34 10.82 and 32o 33 02.96 N and longitude 74o 50 30.30 and 76o 52 51.26 E. It is broadly divided into sub-mountainous Himalayas and the eastern and western alluvial plains. The important rivers draining the region are the Sutlej and the Beas. The sightly annual rainfall varies between 400 to 600 mm and the mean annual temperature ranges from 22.500 C to 25.00 C.2.2 GeologyThe composition of the Shiwalik deposits shows they are nothing else than the alluvial detritus derived from the sub fairylike waste of mountains, swept down by their numerous rivers and streams and deposited at their foot. This process was very much like what the existing river systems of the Himalayas are doing at present twenty-four hour period on their emerging to the plains of Punjab. An important difference is that the former alluvial deposits now making up the Shiwalik systems have been involved in the latest Himalayan systems of uph eavals, by which they have been folded and elevated into their outermost foot-hills, although the oldest alluvium of many parts of northern India serves to bridge the gap between the newest Shiwaliks and the present alluvium.2.3 LithologyThe Shiwalik system is a great burdensomeness of detrital rocks, such as coarsely bedded sandstones, sand-rock, clay and conglomerates, measuring between 4,500 and 5,200 m in thickness. The bulk of formation is very closely similar to the materials constituting the modern alluvia of rivers. The lithology of the Shiwliks suggests their origin they are chiefly the water-worn debris of the granitic core of the central Himalaya, deposited in the long and broad valley of the Shiwaliks. The upper coarse conglomerates are the alluvial fans or talus-cones at the emergence of the mountain streams the great thickness of the clay and sand represents the silts and finer sediments of the river laid down in the lower plain. The weathering of the Shiwalik rocks has been proceeding at an extraordinally rapid rate since their deposition, and strictly abrupt forms of topography have been evolved in this comparatively brief period. Gigantic escarpments and dip-slopes separated by broad longitudinal strike valleys and intersected by deep meandering ravines of the transverse streams-surface features, which are the most common elements of Shiwalik topography. The strike is remarkably constant in a Northwest-Southeast direction, with only brief local swerves, musical composition it is almost always in strict elevations.3. Land Use PatternThe recorded forest area (including dry out broad-leaved brush) of Shiwalik hills of Punjab state is 1599.42 km2, which constitutes 16.93% essence geographic area. The major forest types are dry broadleaf, moist broad-leaved, dry deciduous invalidate and coniferous forest. The non-forest area such as agriculture, grassland, water body, canals, settlements, riverbed and raw land contributes 7849.55 km2 whi ch constitutes 83.07% of the join geographical area.3.1 Vegetation type(a) Northern dry mixed deciduous forest (5B/C2)In most localities the tree canopy has been ill broken by human activities, results in divide tree and small shrubs. This forest is dominated by Acacia catechu, Anogeissus latifolia with the association of Lannea coromandalica, Aegle marmelos, Ehretia laevis, Mallotus philippensis, Nyctanthus arbor-tritis, Dendrocalamus strictus etc.(b) juiceless bamboo brakes (5E9)Only one species Dendrocalamus strictus occurs and forms relatively low brakes with a sprinkling of the tree and shrubs of dry deciduous forest such as Anogeissus latifolia, Lannea coromandelica etc.(c) dry deciduous scrub (DS1)A low broken soil cover of shrubby growth 3 to 6 m high including some tree species reduced to similar conditions, usually many stemmed from the base. The community is dominated by Woodfordia fruiticosa, Carrissa opaca, and Nyctanthus arbor-tristis with the some association Dodo naea viscosa, Aegle mormelos, Cassia fistula, and Acacia catechu.(d) Khair-Sissu forests (5/1S2)genus Dalbergia sissoo predominates in this association. The canopy is open associated with Acacia catechu. The older woods have more or less definite under storey, which is mainly composed of young species and few species of Tamarix dioca, Acacia fernesiana, Cannabis sativa and grasses like Saccharum spontaneum, Erianthus munja etc.(e) Shiwalik chirpine forest (9/C1)The pine stands singly or in groups with a scattered with lower deciduous tree story on the ridge and side slopes. There is usually a fairly continuous growth of xerophytic shrubs occurs as under-storey vegetation. Pinus roxburghii is associated with Mallotus philippensis, Pyrus pashia, Syzygium cuminii, Albizzia chinensis, Acacia catechu, and Terminalia chebula.(f) Subtropical Euphorbia scrub (9/C1/DS2)Euphorbia royleana forms consociations sometimes of considerable extent. Their distribution is related to edaphic factors, n otably dry rocky ridges, where biotic pressure has been high.4. ApproachBiodiversity characterization satellite remotely sensed data is being used for deriving vegetation cover type map. The vegetation type thus derived represents the habitats and their surroundings. These patches of the different forest types occur randomly as per the existing environmental conditions. exploitation landscape ecological principals these can be analyzed and quantified. Some of these parameters are fragmentation, porosity, juxtapositions, interspersion etc. and indices are derived to show their characteristics. Proximity of forests to road and villages and their impact is established. All these layers are overlaid to obtain disturbance index. fear index image is the important for characterizing and identifying least or no disturbed areas (Fig. 1). rationality observations are taken through stratified random sampling in all the forest types. Their economic uses have been prove from literary works. totality Importance Value (TIV) of each plant is established for its value for food, fuel wood, charcoal, timber, medicine etc. Ecosystem uniqueness is established from the list of the species found during survey based on its representativeness, speciesFig 1 Approach for Biodiversity Characterization at Landscape Level UsingRemote Sensing and GIS (after Roy et al., 1998)endemism etc. Biological richness is obtained after integrating species richness, biological value, disturbance index, ecosystem uniqueness, terrain complexity.5. Materials and Methodology5.1 MaterialsFollowing satellite remote sensing data have been used for land cover and land use mixed bag of the area ( tabularize 1).Table 1 Details of satellite data usedSatellite IDPathRowDateIRS-1D LISS tether934812 Oct. 2000IRS-1D LISS III944803 Nov. 2000IRS-1D LISS III944903 Nov. 2000IRS-1D LISS III954931 Oct. 2000IRS-1D LISS III955031 Oct. 20005.2 Ancillary dataSurvey of India topo sheets on 150,000 have been used. Relevan t publications on flora has been consulted.5.2 Vegetation Cover type mapping5.3.1 Preprocessing of satellite dataIRS-1D LISS-III data (Oct, 2000 and March, 2001) were used to prepare vegetation cover type map. A total five scenes were loaded and each scene was rectified with respect to 150,000 scale SOI toposheet (Total 32 toposheets were used, geometrically corrected and mosaicked to a single image). A second order transformation was followed. Average root mean square error within one pixel was maintained while preparing transformation model. liter Conformal Conic projection (LCC) was used during rectification of image (Fig. 2). Each rectifiedFig. 2 FCCscene was subjected to radiometric correction before mosaicing it to a single mosaic image. afterward extraction of required area from this single mosaic image, it was subjected to Supervised Maximum likelihood motley using the ground truth information collected during the fieldwork.5.3.2 Ground truthingReconnaissance survey was carried out in the area to acquire the knowledge of the vegetation and other broad land uses. During reconnaissance information on the correlativity of image elements with that of ground features was also obtained. Interpretation key was formulated and classification was performed.5.3.3 Vegetation ClassificationBased on the a priori knowledge supervised classification method was followed. Training sites were selected and processed and the features with high classification accuracy were extracted. Using binary image the remaining area was extracted and unsupervised classification method was performed. The categorise output was finally subjected hybrid classification prelude to prepare vegetation type map of the study area showing various vegetation types. The accuracy of the image was evaluated using field knowledge and the ground truth information. Along with the different types of forest, other general lands use / land cover classes were also classified ad ad so as to understan d the landscape of the region. Following forest classes have been delineated and a comparison with Champion and Seths (1968) classifications scheme is given below (Table 2). make of the land cover and land use classes identified on the satellite data. moist deciduous forest alter deciduous forestDry deciduous scrub (Lantana)Coniferous forestGrass landPlantation/Avenue trees floricultureWater bodySettlementRiverbed/Barren landTable 2Vegetation classes compared With Champion Seths ClassificationSatellite based classification of vegetation typesChampion and Seth Classification (1968)Moist deciduous forestDry bamboo brakesKhair-sissu forestDry deciduous forestNorthern dry mixed deciduous forestDry deciduous forestDry deciduous scrubSubtropical EuphorbiascrubDry deciduous scrubPineShiwalik chirpine forest5.3 Field dataOne of the most important components of biodiversity characterization is the information on plants or species richness. Information on plant species is further processed f or evaluating other parameters like Total Importance Value, Ecosystem Uniqueness, Biodiversity value etc. There it is important that well distributed enough sample are taken for information on species occurrence. Classified vegetation cover type has been used for finding the sample size. Sampling flashiness of 0.021 % has been done. Higher sample intensity is adopted (than recommended) in view of variability in the area.5.4.1 Sampling designStratified Random sampling approach was followed and add up of sample points were distributed to its probability proportional to its size. Field data was collected from 74 sample points of 2020 m size during October 2000 (Table 3). The sample plots of 20x20m were used for tree species and nested approach and nested approach has been followed for laying sample plots of 10x10m for shrubs and 1x1m plot (five plots) for herbaceous layer.The data was collected on following parameters in each of the sample plot.Description of ecosystem and forest typ e including phenologySpecies name and number of individuals for every speciesGirth at breast height in centimetersEconomic importance such as grazing, medicinal, human food, fuel, timber, charcoal and other uses such as industrial use, rope making, tanning leather etc. This importance value was collected by interviewing local people interviewing wherever possible and from literature.The data was analyzed for deriving various indices indicating biodiversity value, species richness and ecosystem uniqueness for different forest types.Table 3 The distribution of sample points in each of the forest typesfound in all the Shiwalik Hills of Punjab state forest TypeNo. of sample plotsMoist deciduous32Dry deciduous31 broad-leaved scrub7Pine forest4Total74Database of all the species collected was created in MS Excel for further processing, details have been provided in the section on phytosociological psycho abbreviation.6. Database Creation in GISIn geo-spatial abstract integration of spat ial and non-spatial data or vector data is important. As discussed earlier the biotic disturbance had played a very significant role in existing biodiversity of toady. Database in GIS domain provides opportunity to analyze their impact zones. Therefore, the following maps were digitized from accessory sources for their integrationVillage locations point and polygon features)Road and railway networksContour lines with 20m intervalsThe road and settlement maps were used as input in further analysis for deriving disturbance gradient. Contour map was used to prepare digital terrain model using ERDAS IMAGINE 8.4 software.7. Landscape AnalysisThe approaches for biodiversity characterization discussed in the literature contains several broad categories such as genetically based approach, species based approach, ecosystem based approach, and endogenetic approach. The approach adopted in present study is integrative method that includes significance of ecological, social, and cultural fact ors to the biodiversity in addition to biological factors. The approach used for the study focuses on following aspectsRapid assessment for monitoring of biodiversity loss and/or gainMapping of biological richness to understand its spatial nature, that helps in planning and executionThe customized package Bio_CAP is developed at Indian instal of Remote Sensing, Dehradun to carry out multi-criteria spatial analysis. The satellite data provide key input i.e. vegetation type, which is used for deriving several landscape indices (fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, interspersion, and juxtaposition) interpret status of forest ecosystem. Ancillary database on roads and settlements has been used to prepare proximity cowcatcher map and contour map is used to prepare terrain complexity map. All these parameters were integrated together with the field data on species richness, ecosystem uniqueness and biodiversity value. The ultimate result is the map that depicts areas categorized as per disturbance index.7.1 Landscape analysis using Bio_CAPThe field data, vegetation type map and ancillary GIS data (roads, village locations, and contour) were analyzed using Bio_CAP (Biodiversity Characterization Programme) a customized package to prepare various indices depicting landscape characteristics.Fragmentation has been the major cause of biodiversity loss and has been footfalld as a number of forest and non-forest patches in per unit area.Patchiness is a measure of the density of patches of all forest types or number of clusters in a given mask or area.Porosity is a measure of number of patches or density of patches within a particular type vegetation, normally primary vegetation type(s), regardless of patch size.Interspersion is a count of dissimilar dwell pixels (feature) with respect to central pixel (feature) of a particular grid or measurement of the spatial intermixing of the vegetation types.Juxtaposition is a measure of proximity and adjacency of two or more veg etation types. Higher weightage is given to the classes who share or are likely to share more boundary.Human influence zone is dependent on socio-economic set-up of the area/region and proximity the forest resources and can vary from 0.5 km to 5 km or even more. Proximity buffer or zone of influence from the roads and human settlements has been prepared.7.2 Disturbance IndexDisturbance has direct impact on the occurrence of plants and animals or biodiversity. Disturbance regimes provide an insight into the impacted area and its degree of impact under various vegetation or other natural resources. Disturbance Index has been considered here as a function of fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, interspersion, juxtaposition and influence zones or distance for the source. The analysis has been performed in the customized GIS package called Bio-CAP for this purpose.7.3 Biological RichnessBiological forms of any area hypothesise the environmental conditions supporting the growth and evolu tion. Recently emphasis has been to look at the ecosystems (micro-climatic variations) or landscape diversity and its utility for conservation rather than one species. Therefore, the biological richness here has been considered as a function of ecosystem uniqueness, biodiversity value, species richness, Terrain complexity (computed through DTM by determining variance in DTM values) and most importantly disturbance index. The details of these parameters have been discussed elsewhere (Roy et al., 1999).8. Observation Highlights8.1 Vegetation ClassificationHybrid approach has been followed to do the digital classification of the data set (Fig. 3). Table 4 summarizes the results of classification in the region. Forest types viz., moist deciduous, dry deciduous, pine and dry deciduous scrub together constitute about 1404.06 Km, which is about 14.65 per cent of the total geographical area of the region. Non-forest classes such as agriculture, plantation, riverbed, barren land, settlement, grassland and water body makes up about 85.35 per cent of the geographical area. Amongst the forests, dry deciduous forest hasFig.3 classified mapwide distribution in the region from Chandigarh to Pathankot and covers an area of 775.85 Km. Dry deciduous scrub is the next dominant forest type of the region which is mainly constituted with Lantana scrub distributed throughout the region and then followed by moist deciduous forest found in Dhar, Pathankot, Dholba, Talwara, Nangal, Noorpur in a come apart patches. And coniferous forest covers an area of 6.51 Km and is localized on the higher ridges or side slopes in the northern part of the Pathankot district.Table 4Area under different Land cover / land use classes in the regionLand use / cover classArea in km2Moist deciduous forest276.46Dry deciduous forest775.85Dry deciduous scrub (Lantana)345.24Coniferous forest6.51Grass land38.24Plantation/Avenue trees211.04Agriculture7443.22Water body78.94Settlement178.46Riverbed/Barren land238. 19Total9592.159. Phyto-sociological analysisPhytosociological analysis was carried out to understand the floristic and vegetation pattern in the region. For the phytosociological analysis the vegetation types were grouped into five major types. Based on the species area curves developed initially an optimized field plots size of 2020 m was adopted uniformly for all the types. In each plot all the species names height, girth, herbs and shrubs were recorded. The phytosociological database was created and computed the basic structural parameters viz. frequency, basal area and density. Utilizing these parameters the importance value index (IVI) was calculated for all the types (Annexure-II).Fig.4 Graphical presentation of Land use/land cover types and theirDistribution.9.1 Species richness (Shannon-Weaver Index)Species richness can be described as the number of the species in a sample or habitat per unit area. Higher the value greater the species richness. Species richness (Shannon Weav er Index) was measured using importance value index (Table 5, 6). Dry deciduous forest shows highest diversity (3.5361) with total number of 363 species followed by moist deciduous (3.0959) with moist deciduous forests then dry deciduous scrub (2.2666) having 77 species and coniferous forest shows least diversity (1.6207) with 58 species (Fig. 5).Table 5 Biodiversity status in the Shiwalik hills of Punjab stateForest TypeNo. ofFamiliesNo. of SpeciesTotal no. ofSpeciesTotal Importance ValueTreesShrubsHerbsMoist deciduous3642249516110.46Dry deciduous311417514736310.53Deciduous scrub2571258779.75Pine1171536588.01Table 6 Forest type wise Shannon Weaver Index in the Shiwalik hills ofPunjab stateForest TypeAverage Basal Area (m2)Shannon WeaverIndex SWI (H)Moist deciduous38.4123.0959Dry deciduous22.9483.5361Deciduous scrub8.1332.2666Pine6.531.62079.2 Economically Important SpeciesEconomically Important plants are the species, which have social and economic value. In the Shiwalik hills of P unjab state 240 economically important plants were recorded. The total importance value (TIV) for each species was calculated considering 10 important uses. The parameters considered are (1). Food (2). Fuel (3). Fodder (4). Fiber (5). woodland (6). Medicinal (7). Oil (8). Gums/Resins (9). tannic acid and (10). Others. These 10 parameters have been weighted for a scale of 1 to 10 wherein maximum value represents highest economic value. Maximum total importance value was observed in dry deciduous type (TIV of 10.53) and coniferous type has the least value (TIV of 8.01) (Table 7). Some of the economically important species are Acacia catechu, Achyranthes aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, Ageratum conyzoides, Azadiracta indica, Cannabis sativa, Moringa oleifera, etc. List of 232 economically important species and their uses were given in the Annexure II.Fig 5 Species distribution in each habit typeTable 7 Total Importance Value of different vegetation typesForest TypeTIV %Moist deciduous10.46 Dry deciduous10.53Deciduous scrub9.75Pine8.019.3 Medicinal PlantsAbout 132 medicinally important species have been recorded during the sampling. Medicinal usage of these plants occurring in Shiwalik hills of Punjab have been compiled from available literature sources. Some of the important medicinaly important plants are Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri, Cordia dichotoma, Terminlaia chebula, Terminalia bellirica etc. and the list has bee furnished (Annexure.IV). Table 8 provide overview of the per cent utilizable species.Table 8 portion utilizable species for Total Importance value (TIV)Forest typeUSESFoodFuelFodderFiberTimberMedicinalOilGums/ ResinTanninOthersDD11.150.799.099.810.231.665.023.55.189.83MD12.72.366.947.912.632.10.650.861.38.45DS10.052.219.069.319.5531.616.373.186.618.09PN008.520020.780002.35Total33.95.3633.6127.0222.35116.1512.047.5413.0928.729.4 Ecological importanceThe species recorded during the field data collection were scr eened for their uniqueness with help of RED DATA BOOK (Anonymous, 1987, 1988, 1990) and many other references. All the species recorded were abundant in nature. However, two species were found to be rare, viz., Delphinium danudatum Wall. ex HK.f.Th and Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl.10. Results of Landscape analysis10.1 FragmentationIncreasing anthropogenic activities created discontinuity in the natural vegetation cover gets fragmented and the class becomes porous. Thus, fragmentation analysis of a land use class is an important landscape characteristic, which defines the status of that class in the present day context. Among all the characteristics of the landscape, fragmentation is more significant. Hence, the results of fragmentation are being discussed. For analysis of fragmentation in the forest, the vegetation map was reclassified as forest and non-forest classes, which resulted in a new spatial layer. A grid cel

'The Different Types of Toaster Oven Bakeware and Cookware'

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