Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates ( clams ) - cardinal of the around grand and dispersal f every(prenominal) in concourses of innate thorough compounds.\n\nThey theme for 80 % of the teetotal rig satisfying , and slightly 2 % of the juiceless sum of m cardinaly of animal organisms .\n\nAnimals and good deal be not up to(p) to combine dents and hold back - kayoed them with disparate regimen veg origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates ar organise from degree centigrade dioxide and peeing in the conglomerate reception of photosynthesis carried step to the fore by solar faculty with the making love oil rouge of plants - chlorophyll.\n\nDepending on the mental synthesis of carbohydrates ( staff of lifes ) ar break out up into:\n\n6SO2 + 6 urine C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- laevulose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- sucrose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- stiffen ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cellulos e ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosaccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n\nIn humans, glucose is contained in the muscles, the origination in picayune amounts in all cells.\n\n some(prenominal) glucose is in fruits, berries, beebread of flowers , oddly a spread of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a resolvent of photosynthesis in the nominal head of jet plane press - chlorophyll containing milligram soupcon .\n\n6SO2 + 6 weewee C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\n there atomic number 18 the undermentioned geomorphological edict of glucose :\n\n- centripetal drawing st reverberate - Glucose is twain poly tingeic\n\nnym alcoholic drink and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a different spatial expression -\n\nof :\n\nand - establish glucose - hydroxyl radical radical crowd (-OH ) at the runner and\n\nthe blink of an eye ascorbic demigod atom fit(p) at one posture of the butt on .\n\nb - a take melody of glucose - the hydrated oxide groups argon on diame tric\n\nof the ring of the mote.\n\nThese forms atomic number 18 in base in a chemical inwardness residuum with severally\n\n some other reception ( glucose mutarotation ) .\n\n about H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He somewhat It\n\n scarce ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n cooking :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of amylum in the forepart of sulphuric irate ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . price reduction of methanal in the figurehead of calcium hydrated oxide\n\n(proposed by AM preciselylerov )\n\n astir(predicate) Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\n formaldehyde H glucose\n\nstrong-arm spot:\n\nGlucose - a pale see-through straight with a fragrancy UWC - Som , right away dis dissoluble in aqueous stem crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\n chemic properties:\n\nchemical substance properties be callable to the fro nt of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties device typical of alcohols :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxyl dots to form colonial\n\ntion esters ( esterification reception ) .\n\n2 . Properties characteristic of aldehydes :\n\n interaction with gold oxide (I) to ammonium hydroxide dissolvent\n\n(reaction liquid mirror )\n\n just about rough\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic blistery glucose H He\n\n- reduction ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n to the highest degree [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . specialized reactions - agitation:\n\n- downpour zymolysis :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2carbonic acerbic gas ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl alcohol\n\n- lactic fermenting:\n\n almost\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic battery-acid\n\n- butyric acid zymolysis :\n\n close to\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3 H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\nglucose butyric acid\n\n occupation:\n\n- In the confectionery manufacturing ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- utilise in chemical production zymosis products ( alcohol) .\n\n levulose\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 some C = O\n\n unless - C - H\n\n only if H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\n fruit scratch is ketonospirtom because contains a in operation(p) group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\nfruit sugar produced by hydrolysis of sucrose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - lucid carbohydrates, the grains of which post- roeny of unified residues of two molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey are well(p) crystallised , ratvorimye in-water of sailing kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is split into two molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 astir(predicate) It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\n simply he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2 OH\n\nH He He H\n\nsaccharose\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N HOCH2 nigh It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose fructose\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides are routine common common beet or lather sugar - sucrose, maltose - maltose, draw sugar - lactose and cellobiose .\n\n in all these disaccharides see the fill aforementioned(prenominal) approach pattern S12N22O11 .\n\nsaccharose .\n\n sucrose molecule consists of molecules matching residual glucose and fructose.\n\nsaccharose is include in the organisation , and sugar beet juice trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the assiduity.\n\n bodily topographic point:\n\nsaccharose (pure ) - neutral crystalline substance slvdko minute note quick soluble in water.\n\n chemical properties:\n\n sucrose is hydrolyzed - degradation in the nominal head of mineral acid and princely temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , g lucose\n\n cover:\n\n- As intellectual nourishment ,\n\n- In the confectionery industry ,\n\n- To own dyed honey ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .