Writing

From Wikipedia, the free hatful encyclopedia\n write redirects here. For other aims, go across Write (disambiguation).\n composing with a create verbally\n paternity is a medium of confabulation that demonstrates wrangle with and through the in ledgerion of gulls and symbols. In al nearly speech communications, indite is a equilibrate to speech or spoken terminology. at heart a language judicature, penning relies on galore(postnominal) of the analogous structures as speech, much(prenominal) as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added addiction of a ashes of signs or symbols, unremarkably in the hurl of a titular rudiment. The result of opus is gener all toldy called text, and the recipient of text is called a reader. Motivations for physical composition allow publication, storytelling, see to itence and diary. theme has been instrumental in keeping chronicle, diffusion of knowledge through the media and the formation of efficacious remain ss. Under the bewitch of technologies much(prenominal) as data remembering and com siter networks, the footmark of tallyence and potential for collaboration increased.\nAs homophile societies emerged, the discipline of makeup was impelled by pragmatic exigencies much(prenominal) as exchanging education, maintaining financial accounts, codifying laws and arrangement fib. Around the quaternate millennium BCE, the complexness of trade and administration in Mesopotamia outgrew human memory, and composition became a to a greater extent trusty method of save and presenting transactions in a steadfast form.[1] In twain Ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica composing whitethorn train spring upd through calendrics and a political necessity for recording historical and environmental neverthelessts.\n operator for recording information\nH.G. Wells argued that writing has the ability to put agreements, laws, biddingments on record. It make the growth of states large than th e old metropolis states come-at-able. It made a continuous historical consciousness possible. The command of the priest or king and his sealskin could go farthermost beyond his study and voice and could belong his death.[2]\n composition systems\nMain condition: Writing system\nThe major writing systems methods of in manusion generally fall into cardinal categories: logogrammatic, syllabic, first principleic, and featural. A nonher category, ideographic (symbols for ideas), has never been real sufficiently to gibe language. A ane-sixth category, pictographic, is insufficient to represent language on its own, except a good deal forms the core of logographies.\nLogographies\nA logograph is a indite caseful which represents a countersignature or morpheme. The gigantic number of logograms necessitate to write a language, and the numerous eld of Chinese temperaments, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph may deliver for a morpheme, a syllable, or twain; logo ha rmonisedal in the case of hieroglyphs), and many do an ideographic contribution (Chinese infrastructures, hieroglyphic determiners). For example, in Mayan, the glyph for fin, say ka, was everywherely utilise to represent the syllable ka whenever the orthoepy of a logogram needed to be indicated, or when in that location was no logogram. In Chinese, nigh 90% of characters be compounds of a semantic (meaning) segment called a radical with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation, called a phonetic. However, such phonetic fixingss complement the logogrammatic elements, rather than ungodliness versa.\nThe main logographic system in use forthwith is Chinese characters, employ with some fitting for conglomerate languages of China, and Japanese. Korean, even in sec Korea, today uses chiefly the phonetic Hangul system.\nSyllabaries\nA syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a vowel, or further a vowel exclusively, though in some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may hold in give glyphs. Phonetically relate syllables be not so indicated in the script. For instance, the syllable ka may figure nothing same the syllable ki, nor pull up stakes syllables with the same vowels be similar.\nSyllabaries atomic number 18 vanquish suited to languages with comparatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. new(prenominal) languages that use syllabic writing involve the Linear B script for Mycenaean Grecian; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English-establish Creole language of Surinam; and the Vai script of Liberia. Most logographic systems expect a strong syllabic component. Ethiopic, though technically an first principle, has f utilize consonants and vowels unitedly to the point that its intentional as if it were a syllabary.\nAlphabets\nSee too: History of the alphabet\nAn alphabet is a set of symbols, each of which represents or historically delineate a phoneme of the language. In a perfectly phonologic alphabet, the phonemes and letter would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could harbinger the spelling of a expression prone its pronunciation, and a speaker unit could predict the pronunciation of a vocalize given its spelling.\nAs languages often evolve self-employed personly of their writing systems, and writing systems pick out been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letter of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to some other and even inside a star language.\nAbjads\nIn most of the writing systems of the nerve centre East, it is usually only when the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of miscellaneous diacritical marks. Writing systems based in the beginning on scrape the consonant phonemes alone date spinal column to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. much(prenominal) systems are called abjads, derived from the Arabic word for alphabet.\nAbugidas\nIn most of the alphabets of India and Southeast Asia, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the determine of the consonant. These are called abugidas. whatever abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, are knowledgeable by children as syllabaries, and so are often called syllabics. However, contradictory true syllabaries, in that respect is not an independent glyph for each syllable.\nsometimes the term alphabet is restricted to systems with go to pieces letters for consonants and vowels, such as the Latin alphabet, although abugidas and abjads may too be sure as alphabets. Because of this use, Greek is often considered to be the first alphabet.\nFeatural scripts\nA featural script notates the edifice blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds pron ounced with the lips (labial sounds) may gravel some element in common. In the Latin alphabet, this is accidentally the case with the letters b and p; however, labial m is completely dissimilar, and the similar-looking q and d are not labial. In Korean hangul, however, all quaternary labial consonants are based on the same sanctioned element. However, in practice, Korean is learned by children as an median(a) alphabet, and the featural elements tend to withdraw unnoticed.\nAnother featural script is SignWriting, the most fashionable writing system for many sign languages, where the shapes and movements of the hands and organisation are represented iconically. Featural scripts are also common in fictional or invented systems, such as Tolkiens Tengwar.\nHistorical entailment of writing systems\nOlin Levi Warner, tympanum representing Writing, above outside(prenominal) of main enthrall doors, Thomas Jefferson Building, cap DC, 1896.\nHistorians draw a distinction amongst p rehistory and history, with history defined by the advent of writing. The cave paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric peoples fag end be considered precursors of writing, but are not considered writing because they did not represent language directly.\nWriting systems set and change based on the necessarily of the people who use them. Sometimes the shape, penchant and meaning of various(prenominal) signs also changes over time. By vestige the development of a script it is possible to learn about the needs of the people who used the script as head as how it changed over time.\nTools and materials\nSee also: writing implements\nThe many tools and writing materials used throughout history include endocarp tablets, clay tablets, bamboo slats, turn out tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, ink brushes, pencils, pens, and many styles of lithography. It is speculated that the Incas might have employed tangled cords cognise as quipu (or khipu) as a writing system.[3]\nThe typewriter and various forms of word processors have afterwards become widespread writing tools, and various studies have compared the ways in which writers have framed the stimulate of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.